List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
This is a list of retired Atlantic hurricane names. Hurricane names are retired by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in a meeting in March or April of each year. Those hurricanes that have their names retired tend to be exceptionally destructive storms that often become household names in the regions they affected. Since the naming of storms using human names began in 1953, an average of one storm name has been retired for each season, though many seasons (most recently 2006) have had no storm names retired, and after the 2005 season, five names were retired.
Storm names are retired following a request made at the March or April WMO meeting by one or more of the countries affected by a hurricane. While no request for retirement has ever been turned down, some storms such as Hurricane Gordon caused a great deal of death and destruction but nonetheless were not retired as the main country affected (Haiti) did not request retirement.
General information
Theoretically, a hurricane or tropical storm of any strength can have its name retired; retirement is based entirely on the level of damage caused by a storm. However, until 1972, no Category 1 hurricane had its name retired, and no named tropical storm had its name retired until 2001. This is at least partially due to the fact that weaker storms tend to cause less damage, and the few weak storms that have had their names retired caused most of their destruction through heavy rainfall rather than winds.
Since 1953, 68 storms have had their names retired. Of these, two (Carol and Edna) were reused after the storm for which they were retired but were later retroactively retired, and two others (Hilda and Janet) were included on later lists of storm names but were not reused before being retroactively retired.
Lists of retired names
Listed by intensity
| Saffir–Simpson scale | ||||||
| TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
This lists all retired hurricanes by their peak intensity, which is determined by measurements of the minimum central pressure.
While the intensity of tropical cyclones is measured solely by central pressure, wind speeds are also estimated; the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is used in the Atlantic basin to rank hurricanes according to their strongest 1-minute sustained winds. While most hurricanes do not make landfall at their peak intensity, they are often referred to by their strongest Saffir-Simpson Category rather than by their landfall Category.
Of the storms in the Atlantic whose names have been retired, one peaked as a tropical storm, four peaked as Category 1 hurricanes, four peaked as Category 2 hurricanes, twelve peaked as Category 3 hurricanes, twenty-eight peaked as Category 4 hurricanes and eighteen peaked as Category 5 hurricanes. Many storms of high intensities have not had their names retired because they did not make landfall (such as Hurricane Karl), because they made landfall in an area where they could do very little damage (such as Hurricane Bret), because they weakened dramatically before making landfall (such as Hurricane Ethel), or because no request for retirement was made (such as Hurricane Emily). However, since the introduction of name retirement, only four Category 5 hurricanes have not had their names retired.
Of the storms listed below, one, Hurricane Cesar, reached its peak strength after crossing into the Pacific Ocean and being renamed Hurricane Douglas. As only the name Cesar was from the Atlantic naming lists and only Cesar was retired, its peak strength as Cesar is listed.
| Name | Season | Knots1 | Km/h1 | Mph1 | mbar (hPa²) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allison | 2001 | 50 | 95 | 60 | 1000 |
| Cesar | 1996 | 75 | 140 | 85 | 990 |
| Klaus | 1990 | 70 | 130 | 80 | 985 |
| Diana | 1990 | 85 | 160 | 100 | 980 |
| Stan | 2005 | 70 | 130 | 80 | 977 |
| Agnes | 1972 | 75 | 140 | 85 | 977 |
| Fifi | 1974 | 95 | 175 | 110 | ≤971 |
| Juan | 2003 | 90 | 170 | 105 | 969 |
| Diane | 1955 | 105 | 190 | 120 | ≤969 |
| Alicia | 1983 | 100 | 180 | 115 | 963 |
| Carol | 1954 | 85 | 160 | 100 | ≤960 |
| Roxanne | 1995 | 100 | 180 | 115 | 956 |
| Eloise | 1975 | 110 | 200 | 125 | 955 |
| Edna | 1954 | 105 | 190 | 120 | ≤954 |
| Elena | 1985 | 110 | 200 | 125 | 953 |
| Bob | 1991 | 100 | 180 | 115 | 950 |
| Jeanne | 2004 | 105 | 190 | 120 | 950 |
| Gracie | 1959 | 120 | 225 | 140 | 950 |
| Cleo | 1964 | 135 | 250 | 155 | ≤950 |
| Marilyn | 1995 | 100 | 180 | 115 | 949 |
| Iris | 2001 | 125 | 230 | 145 | 948 |
| Fran | 1996 | 105 | 190 | 120 | 946 |
| Audrey | 1957 | 125 | 230 | 145 | ≤946 |
| Celia | 1970 | 110 | 200 | 125 | 945 |
| Frederic | 1979 | 115 | 215 | 135 | 943 |
| Dora | 1964 | 120 | 225 | 140 | 942 |
| Keith | 2000 | 120 | 225 | 140 | 941 |
| Charley | 2004 | 130 | 240 | 150 | 941 |
| Hilda | 1964 | 130 | 240 | 150 | 941 |
| Betsy | 1965 | 135 | 250 | 155 | 941 |
| Flora | 1963 | 120 | 225 | 140 | 940 |
| Lili | 2002 | 125 | 230 | 145 | 940 |
| Fabian | 2003 | 125 | 230 | 145 | 939 |
| Ione | 1955 | 105 | 190 | 120 | ≤938 |
| Georges | 1998 | 135 | 250 | 155 | 937 |
| Hazel | 1954 | 130 | 240 | 150 | ≤937 |
| Connie | 1955 | 125 | 230 | 145 | ≤936 |
| Hortense | 1996 | 120 | 225 | 140 | 935 |
| Luis | 1995 | 120 | 225 | 140 | 935 |
| Frances | 2004 | 125 | 230 | 145 | 935 |
| Isidore | 2002 | 110 | 200 | 125 | 934 |
| Michelle | 2001 | 120 | 225 | 140 | 933 |
| Lenny | 1999 | 135 | 250 | 155 | 933 |
| Joan | 1988 | 125 | 230 | 145 | 932 |
| Carla | 1961 | 150 | 280 | 175 | 931 |
| Dennis | 2005 | 130 | 240 | 150 | 930 |
| Donna | 1960 | 140 | 260 | 160 | ≤930 |
| Inez | 1966 | 130 | 240 | 150 | 929 |
| Carmen | 1974 | 130 | 240 | 150 | 928 |
| Anita | 1977 | 150 | 280 | 175 | 926 |
| David | 1979 | 150 | 280 | 175 | 924 |
| Beulah | 1967 | 140 | 260 | 160 | 923 |
| Andrew | 1992 | 150 | 280 | 175 | 922 |
| Floyd | 1999 | 135 | 250 | 155 | 921 |
| Hattie | 1961 | 140 | 260 | 160 | ≤920 |
| Gloria | 1985 | 125 | 230 | 145 | 919 |
| Hugo | 1989 | 140 | 260 | 160 | 918 |
| Opal | 1995 | 130 | 240 | 150 | 916 |
| Isabel | 2003 | 145 | 270 | 165 | 915 |
| Janet | 1955 | 150 | 280 | 175 | ≤914 |
| Ivan | 2004 | 145 | 270 | 165 | 910 |
| Mitch | 1998 | 155 | 285 | 180 | 905 |
| Camille | 1969 | 165 | 305 | 190 | ≤905 |
| Katrina | 2005 | 150 | 280 | 175 | 902 |
| Allen | 1980 | 165 | 305 | 190 | 899 |
| Rita | 2005 | 155 | 290 | 180 | 895 |
| Gilbert | 1988 | 160 | 295 | 185 | 888 |
| Wilma | 2005 | 160 | 295 | 185 | 882 |
Listed by total damages
This lists all retired Atlantic hurricanes by their total damages (in 2005 USD).
Hurricane names are generally retired for one of two reasons, either because they were particularly damaging or particularly deadly (a small number of retired storms were both). Because of ever-increasing levels of development along the coastlines of the Atlantic, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, more recent storms tend to be more damaging than older storms even when inflation is taken into account.
Some data may be incomplete and account for damages in only one location while the storm affected several. This is especially true for older hurricanes. Calculation of modern-day damage amounts is done using the Consumer Price Index [1]; values are approximate so an exact ordering is generally not possible.
| Name | Season | Damages (at the time) | Damages (2005 USD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Katrina | 2005 | $79 billion | $79 billion |
| Andrew | 1992 | $26.5 billion [2] | $52.4 billion |
| Wilma | 2005 | $28.8 billion | $28.8 billion |
| Hugo | 1989 | $10 billion [3] | $15.6 billion |
| Charley | 2004 | $15 billion [4] | $15.4 billion |
| Ivan | 2004 | $14.2 billion [5] | $14.6 billion |
| Rita | 2005 | $10 billion | $10 billion |
| Agnes | 1972 | $2.1 billion [6] | $9.6 billion |
| Frances | 2004 | $8.9 billion [7] | $9.1 billion |
| Betsy | 1965 | $1.42 billion [8] | $8.5 billion |
| Gilbert | 1988 | $5 billion [9] | $8.1 billion |
| Camille | 1969 | $1.42 billion [10] | $7.5 billion |
| Jeanne | 2004 | $6.9 billion [11] | $7.1 billion |
| Georges | 1998 | $5.9 billion [12] | $6.8 billion |
| Frederic | 1979 | $2.3 billion [13] | $6.5 billion |
| Mitch | 1998 | $5 billion [14] | $5.8 billion |
| Diane | 1955 | $832 million [15] | $5.7 billion |
| Allison | 2001 | $5 billion [16] | $5.4 billion |
| Floyd | 1999 | $4.5 billion [17] | $5.1 billion |
| Dennis | 2005 | $4-6 billion | $4-6 billion |
| David | 1979 | $1.54 billion [1] | $4.4 billion |
| Fran | 1996 | $3.2 billion [18] | $3.9 billion |
| Alicia | 1983 | $2 billion [19] | $3.8 billion |
| Fifi | 1974 | $900 million [20] | $3.7 billion |
| Opal | 1995 | $3 billion [21] | $3.7 billion |
| Isabel | 2003 | $3.4 billion [22] | $3.6 billion |
| Carol | 1954 | $461 million [23] | $3.2 billion |
| Flora | 1963 | $529 million [24] | $3.2 billion |
| Joan | 1988 | $2 billion [25] | $3.2 billion |
| Luis | 1995 | $2.5 billion [26] | $3.1 billion |
| Hazel | 1954 | $381+ million [27] | $2.6 billion |
| Donna | 1960 | $400 million [28] | $2.5 billion |
| Allen | 1980 | $1 billion [29] | $2.5 billion |
| Celia | 1970 | $450 million [30] | $2.3 billion |
| Michelle | 2001 | $2 billion [31] | $2.2 billion |
| Bob | 1991 | $1.5 billion [32] | $2.1 billion |
| Eloise | 1975 | $550 million [33] | $2.1 billion |
| Carla | 1961 | $325 million [34] | $2.0 billion |
| Marilyn | 1995 | $1.5 billion [35] | $1.9 billion |
| Roxanne | 1995 | $1.5 billion [36] | $1.9 billion |
| Gloria | 1985 | $900 million [37] | $1.6 billion |
| Stan | 2005 | $1-2 billion | $1-2 billion |
| Inez | 1966 | $217 million [38] | $1.3 billion |
| Cleo | 1964 | $198.5 million [39] | $1.2 billion |
| Beulah | 1967 | $207.7 million [40] | $1.1 billion |
| Audrey | 1957 | $150 million [41] | $1.0 billion |
| Lili | 2002 | $860 million [42] | $920 million |
| Dora | 1964 | $250 million [43] | $910 million |
| Elena | 1985 | $450 million [44] | $800 million |
| Hilda | 1964 | $126 million [45] | $760 million |
| Carmen | 1974 | $152 million [46] | $630 million |
| Ione | 1955 | $88 million [47] | $600 million |
| Hortense | 1996 | $500 million [48] | $600 million |
| Lenny | 1999 | $330 million [49] | $380 million |
| Isidore | 2002 | $330 million [50] | $350 million |
| Connie | 1955 | $50 million [51] | $345 million |
| Janet | 1955 | $47.8 million [52] | $330 million |
| Fabian | 2003 | $300 million [53] | $320 million |
| Edna | 1954 | $40 million [54] | $280 million |
| Keith | 2000 | $225 million [55] | $250 million |
| Juan | 2003 | $200 million [56] | $210 million |
| Iris | 2001 | $150 million [57] | $160 million |
| Diana | 1990 | $90.7 million [58] | $130 million |
| Gracie | 1959 | $14 million [59] | $90 million |
| Cesar | 1996 | $39 million [60] | $50 million |
| Klaus | 1990 | $1 million[2] | $1.6 million |
| Anita | 1977 | Unknown | Unknown |
Listed by death toll
This lists all retired Atlantic hurricanes by the number of deaths they caused.
Hurricane names are generally retired for one of two reasons, either because they were particularly damaging or particularly deadly. While many damaging storms caused little loss of life, most deadly storms also caused heavy damage.
Most storms cause fatalities not by their high winds but rather through flooding - either storm surge or inland flooding due to rainfall. Storm surge has the highest potential for deaths; with modern forecasting, warning, and evacuation storm surge deaths can be almost eliminated, but the potential is still very high for catastrophe in places where warning systems are not in place or if warnings are ignored. Inland flooding, by contrast, is unpredictable because it depends heavily on a hurricane's interaction with the terrain and with other nearby weather systems.
Because of uncertainty in the death toll, an exact ordering of storms is not always possible.
Landfalls
Landfall of a tropical cyclone is defined as the moving of the center of the eye over land. Damages from a tropical cyclone are usually greatest where it makes landfall.
In the below list, the retired hurricanes are listed in chronological order with their landfall locations listed under columns designating their strength on the Saffir-Simpson Scale at the time of landfall. Within a cell, landfalls are listed in chronological order. Two retired hurricanes, Hurricane Klaus and Hurricane Fabian, never made landfall anywhere at any intensity. They are omitted from this list. Some retired systems also made landfall as tropical depressions, but depressions were not reliably tracked until the 1990s and so their landfalls are omitted as well.
See also
- List of notable Atlantic hurricanes
- List of retired Pacific hurricane names
- Category:Retired Atlantic hurricanes
References
- ^ 1979 Monthly Weather Review
- ^ Robert Glass (1990-10-06). "Klaus Weakens, Moves Over Open Atlantic Waters". Associated Press.
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