Mark D. Adams,
1*
Susan E. Celniker,
2
Robert A. Holt,
1
Cheryl A. Evans,
1
Jeannine D. Gocayne,
1
Peter G. Amanatides,
1
Steven E. Scherer,
3
Peter W. Li,
1
Roger
A. Hoskins,
2
Richard F. Galle,
2
Reed A. George,
2
Suzanna E. Lewis,
4
Stephen Richards,
2
Michael Ashburner,
5
Scott N. Henderson,
1
Granger G. Sutton,
1
Jennifer R. Wortman,
1
Mark D. Yandell,
1
Qing Zhang,
1
Lin X. Chen,
1
Rhonda C. Brandon,
1
Yu-Hui C. Rogers,
1
Robert G. Blazej,
2
Mark Champe,
2
Barret D. Pfeiffer,
2
Kenneth H. Wan,
2
Clare Doyle,
2
Evan G. Baxter,
2
Gregg Helt,
6
Catherine R. Nelson,
4
George L. Gabor Miklos,
7
Josep F. Abril,
8
Anna Agbayani,
2
Hui-Jin An,
1
Cynthia Andrews-Pfannkoch,
1
Danita Baldwin,
1
Richard M. Ballew,
1
Anand Basu,
1
James Baxendale,
1
Leyla Bayraktaroglu,
9
Ellen M. Beasley,
1
Karen Y. Beeson,
1
P. V. Benos,
10
Benjamin P. Berman,
2
Deepali Bhandari,
1
Slava Bolshakov,
11
Dana Borkova,
12
Michael R. Botchan,
13
John Bouck,
3
Peter Brokstein,
4
Phillipe Brottier,
14
Kenneth C. Burtis,
15
Dana A. Busam,
1
Heather Butler,
16
Edouard Cadieu,
17
Angela Center,
1
Ishwar Chandra,
1
J. Michael Cherry,
18
Simon Cawley,
19
Carl Dahlke,
1
Lionel B. Davenport,
1
Peter Davies,
1
Beatriz de Pablos,
20
Arthur Delcher,
1
Zuoming Deng,
1
Anne Deslattes Mays,
1
Ian Dew,
1
Suzanne M. Dietz,
1
Kristina Dodson,
1
Lisa E. Doup,
1
Michael Downes,
21
Shannon Dugan-Rocha,
3
Boris C. Dunkov,
22
Patrick Dunn,
1
Kenneth J. Durbin,
3
Carlos C. Evangelista,
1
Concepcion Ferraz,
23
Steven Ferriera,
1
Wolfgang Fleischmann,
5
Carl Fosler,
1
Andrei E. Gabrielian,
1
Neha S. Garg,
1
William M. Gelbart,
9
Ken Glasser,
1
Anna Glodek,
1
Fangcheng Gong,
1
J. Harley Gorrell,
3
Zhiping Gu,
1
Ping Guan,
1
Michael Harris,
1
Nomi L. Harris,
2
Damon Harvey,
4
Thomas J. Heiman,
1
Judith R. Hernandez,
3
Jarrett Houck,
1
Damon Hostin,
1
Kathryn A. Houston,
2
Timothy J. Howland,
1
Ming-Hui Wei,
1
Chinyere Ibegwam,
1
Mena Jalali,
1
Francis Kalush,
1
Gary H. Karpen,
21
Zhaoxi Ke,
1
James A. Kennison,
24
Karen A. Ketchum,
1
Bruce E. Kimmel,
2
Chinnappa D. Kodira,
1
Cheryl Kraft,
1
Saul Kravitz,
1
David Kulp,
6
Zhongwu Lai,
1
Paul Lasko,
25
Yiding Lei,
1
Alexander A. Levitsky,
1
Jiayin Li,
1
Zhenya Li,
1
Yong Liang,
1
Xiaoying Lin,
26
Xiangjun Liu,
1
Bettina Mattei,
1
Tina C. McIntosh,
1
Michael P. McLeod,
3
Duncan McPherson,
1
Gennady Merkulov,
1
Natalia V. Milshina,
1
Clark Mobarry,
1
Joe Morris,
6
Ali Moshrefi,
2
Stephen M. Mount,
27
Mee Moy,
1
Brian Murphy,
1
Lee Murphy,
28
Donna M. Muzny,
3
David L. Nelson,
3
David R. Nelson,
29
Keith A. Nelson,
1
Katherine Nixon,
2
Deborah R. Nusskern,
1
Joanne M. Pacleb,
2
Michael Palazzolo,
2
Gjange S. Pittman,
1
Sue Pan,
1
John Pollard,
1
Vinita Puri,
1
Martin G. Reese,
4
Knut Reinert,
1
Karin Remington,
1
Robert D. C. Saunders,
30
Frederick Scheeler,
1
Hua Shen,
3
Bixiang Christopher Shue,
1
Inga Sidén-Kiamos,
11
Michael Simpson,
1
Marian P. Skupski,
1
Tom Smith,
1
Eugene Spier,
1
Allan C. Spradling,
31
Mark Stapleton,
2
Renee Strong,
1
Eric Sun,
1
Robert Svirskas,
32
Cyndee Tector,
1
Russell Turner,
1
Eli Venter,
1
Aihui H. Wang,
1
Xin Wang,
1
Zhen-Yuan Wang,
1
David A. Wassarman,
33
George M. Weinstock,
3
Jean Weissenbach,
14
Sherita M. Williams,
1
Trevor Woodage,
1
Kim C. Worley,
3
David Wu,
1
Song Yang,
2
Q. Alison Yao,
1
Jane Ye,
1
Ru-Fang Yeh,
19
Jayshree S. Zaveri,
1
Ming Zhan,
1
Guangren Zhang,
1
Qi Zhao,
1
Liansheng Zheng,
1
Xiangqun H. Zheng,
1
Fei N. Zhong,
1
Wenyan Zhong,
1
Xiaojun Zhou,
3
Shiaoping Zhu,
1
Xiaohong Zhu,
1
Hamilton O. Smith,
1
Richard A. Gibbs,
3
Eugene W. Myers,
1
Gerald M. Rubin,
34
J. Craig Venter
1
The fly Drosophila
melanogaster is one of the most intensively studied organisms in
biology and serves as a model system for the investigation of many
developmental and cellular processes common to higher eukaryotes,
including humans. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of nearly
all of the ~120-megabase euchromatic portion of the
Drosophila genome using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing
strategy supported by extensive clone-based sequence and a high-quality
bacterial artificial chromosome physical map. Efforts are under way to
close the remaining gaps; however, the sequence is of sufficient
accuracy and contiguity to be declared substantially complete and to
support an initial analysis of genome structure and preliminary gene
annotation and interpretation. The genome encodes ~13,600 genes,
somewhat fewer than the smaller Caenorhabditis elegans
genome, but with comparable functional diversity.
1 Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive,
Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
2 Berkeley
Drosophila Genome Project (BDGP), Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
3 Human Genome
Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
4 BDGP,
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California,
Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
5 European Molecular
Biology Laboratory (EMBL)-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
6 Neomorphic Inc., 2612 Eighth Street, Berkeley, CA
94710, USA.
7 GenetixXpress Pty. Ltd., 78 Pacific
Road, Palm Beach, Sydney, NSW 2108, Australia.
8 Department of Medical Informatics, IMIM-UPF C/Dr.
Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
9 Department of
Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue,
Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
10 Department of
Genetics, Box 8232, Washington University Medical School, 4566 Scott
Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
11 Institute of
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Forth, Heraklion, Greece.
12 European Drosophila Genome Project
(EDGP), EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany.
13 Department of
Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA
94710, USA.
14 Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston
Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France.
15 Section of
Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA
95618, USA.
16 Department of Genetics, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
17 EDGP,
Rennes University Medical School, UPR 41 CNRS Recombinaisons
Genetiques, Faculte de Medicine, 2 av. du Pr. Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
18 Department of Genetics,
Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
19 Department of Statistics, University of
California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
20 EDGP,
Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
21 MBVL, Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines
Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
22 Department of
Biochemistry and Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
23 EDGP, Montpellier
University Medical School, Institut de Genetique Humaine, CNRS (CRBM),
114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
24 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of
Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
25 Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
26 The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville,
MD 20850, USA.
27 Department of Cell Biology and
Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
28 EDGP, Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome
Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
29 Department of Biochemistry, University of
Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
30 EDGP,
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1
4HN, UK, and Department of Biological Sciences, Open University, Milton
Keynes MK7 6AA, UK.
31 HHMI/Embryology, Carnegie
Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
32 Motorola BioChip Systems, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA.
33 Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
20892, USA.
34 Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
BDGP, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
*
To whom correspondence should be addressed.