Barley farming in the UK

Barley is a grass with a swollen grain that is similar to wheat that can be ground to produce a flour suitable for the production of bread. However unlike wheat, barley has always been particularly important in the production of beers and ales. Barley is the second most widely grown arable crop in the UK with around 1.1 million hectares under cultivation and today's varieties trace their origins back over 10,000 years to the first farmers.

Barley has remained a successful cereal crop because of its short growing time and ability to survive in poor conditions. Although it is grown throughout most of the UK it is often the dominant arable crop in the north and west of Britain where growing conditions are most difficult and less favourable for wheat.

Each year the UK produces around 6.5 million tonnes of barley. Roughly 1.5 million tonnes are exported, 2 million tonnes are used in the brewing and distilling trades with 3 million tonnes being used for animal feed.

Barley is striking because of the long spikes that emerge from the end of each grain. These are known as awns. Barley is also easily identifiable on breezy days in the early summer when "waves" blow through the crop.

Although barley is versatile and tolerant it is not as productive as wheat. As a result it is often grown as the second cereal in a rotation where potential yields are lower; for example a field might first grow wheat, then barley, then a break crop like sugar beet or peas before returning to wheat. Barley can also be grown continually in the same field, a process known as continuous cropping. This was relatively common in the 1970s and 1980s but is rarely if ever practiced now.

Barley can be sown in either the autumn (this is known as winter barley) or in the spring. The proportion of each varies from year to year but is generally around 50:50. Winter barleys are higher yielding but of poorer quality and are mostly used in animal feeds whereas the spring varieties are often used for malting. The winter crop is normally harvested in July with those spring sown following about a month later.

Malting is a process of wetting the barley to encourage partial germination before drying in kilns. Malted barley is full of flavour and used by brewers and distillers in the production of beers and spirits as well as in a number of other food products. The specifications for malting are high and usually only usually achieved by the lower yielding spring varieties.

Barley for malting is exported around the world, often to countries like China that have developed the western taste for beer. Barley that is sold for malting typically attracts a premium of around £15 per tonne over the animal feed varieties.

Around half of all the barley produced ends up as stock feed. This is either incorporated into compond rations or rolled on farm and fed to cattle as a supplement to their forage. The image illustrates farm rolled barley.

Further reading for Barley - Production cycle

Barley	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
Barley - area (000 hectares)	1128	1245	1101	1078	1010	938	881	898	1032	1143	921
Production area barley (000 hectares)	1128	1245	1101	1078	1010	938	881	898	1032	1143	921
Production volume barley (000 tonnes)	6492	6660	6128	6370	5815	5495	5239	5079	6144	6668	5252
Barley value incl area payments (£ millions)	686	724	628	735	660	383	406	572	718	676	510
Yield - barley (tonnes / hectare)	5.8	5.3	5.6	5.9	5.8	5.9	5.9	5.7	6.0	5.8	5.7
Price malting barley (£ / tonne)	76	77	72	83	81	78	80	124	153	125	108
Price feed barley (£ / tonne)	65	68	58	71	69	66	70	106	118	88	98
Total new supply barley (000 tonnes)	4731	6077	5259	5361	5275	4782	4776	4706	5704	5929	4337
Total domestic use barley (000 tonnes)	5357	5707	5787	5537	5429	4962	4970	4846	4938	5032	5314
Production as % UK use (%)	137	110	117	119	110	115	110	108	108	112	121