UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES-DILIMAN COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE PHONOLOGY OF TAGALOG, CEBUANO AND ITAWIS ABIGAIL A. BOLLAS LINGUISTICS 165 AUGUST 2013 PROF. VIVECA HERNANDEZ List of abbreviations and symbols used adj adjective ex exclusive interj. interjection in inclusive n noun vs. versus BOLLAS 2 1.0 Introduction Delahunty and Garvey (2010) define phonology as “…[one that] concerns itself with the ways in which languages make use of sounds to distinguish words from each other”. Phonology, according to Forel and Puskás (1986), gives “…gives us insight into how the human mind works”. Briefly, phonology is the study of the relations of sounds in a system (language), how their relationship with each other produce contrasts or similarities in words. 1.1 Statement of the topic This paper aims to provide a comparative analysis of the phonology of three languages in the Philippines (in this paper Tagalog, Cebuano and Itawis). It aims to present the brief phonology of each language and provide a conclusion which presents the similarities and differences of the three languages. 1.2 Methodology Data gathering is essential in this work and to do this, the 500 word list (Swadesh list) is accomplished by the informants of Cebuano and Itawis (Tagalog is not included since the writer is a native speaker of the language herself). Also, one-on-one correspondence is done with the informants for further questions unanswerable by the 500 word list. Since the list does not encompass all the data needed for this work, referencing was also done with the previous works in each respective language. 1.3 Scope and Limitations This paper provides a short introduction on each featured language, their phonemic inventories, contrastive pairs, and a short presentation of their phonotactics. After presenting all the three featured languages, their similarities and differences will be presented in the conclusion part. However, although this paper aims to provide a sufficient collection and analysis of data for the phonology of each language, it was not able to do so since it lacked in examples and minimal pairs which depended solely on the data. Unfortunately, although the informants have been generous enough to provide all these (since they too are busy with their respective businesses), the data still lacks a lot which if provided for, will help improve the quality of this paper. BOLLAS 3 1.4 Review of Related Literature There are many reference materials available for Tagalog, but it is wise to choose the updated ones since Tagalog is a well-documented language and using not updated works will simply provide room for more mistakes. Reid and Schachter‟s Tagalog chapter in the second edition of the book The World‟s Major Languages (2009) provides an updated and summarized presentation of the phonology and orthography of Tagalog. It also includes a brief discussion of Tagalog‟s syntax and morphology and a brief but comprehensive history of how the language acquired some of its sounds. Reid and Schachter‟s work maybe not that lengthy but it sure did explain the important notes one needs to know about Tagalog. Cebuano is also a well-documented language but most of its published references are quite out-of-date. Again, to promote updated linguistic work, I have chosen Rubrico‟s Cebuano Grammar Notes. Although it has no available date, since it is published online, I chose to refer to it. Rubrico‟s work is very short yet it can give the reader a comprehensive glimpse of the Cebuano language. It also provides good sets of examples for the morphophonemic processes of Cebuano. What the work lacks is proper transcription of examples and also, abundance of examples themselves. It must also be noted that Bunye and Yap (1971) also have their own Cebuano Grammar Notes. It contains detailed and well-presented examples on Cebuano phonology especially on minimal pairs. It also includes Cebuano phonotactics and morphophonemic process found in Cebuano. Nelson‟s An Introduction to Cebuano (1964) provides a good introduction on what is the Cebuano language and where it can be found. He described Cebuano‟s phonology and orthography in an extensive way. While the first two languages seem to have a lot of materials, Itawis is left with very few. The only credible reference I saw was Jalotjot‟s master‟s thesis Diskripsyon ng Klos na Verbal ng Wikang Itawit (1937). This is obviously out-of-date but was still able to provide examples for minimal pairs that the data lacked. This work is mainly focused on the verbs of Itawis and it is quite lucky that the author provided a short description of Itawis phonology and morphology. BOLLAS 4 2.0 Phonology of the Philippine languages Tagalog, Cebuano and Itawis 2.1 Tagalog (Tagalog-Bulacan [Obando]) 2.1.1 Introduction The Tagalog language is a very wide-encompassing language in Central Luzon. Tagalog is also where Filipino is first based on. In the year 2000, the Tagalog speakers in the Philippines reached a number of 21, 500, 000 (Lewis, Simon, & Fennigs, 2013). In the year 2007, Tagalog ranked 58th in the 100 Most Spoken Languages in the World (Matos, 2009). According to the Ethnologue, it is commonly spoken in Manila, most of Luzon and Mindoro. It also has 9 dialects: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Lubang, Manila, Marinduque, Puray, Tanay-Paete, Tayabas (Lewis, Simon, & Fennigs, 2013). In the Ethnologue, they also classified Tagalog as an Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine language. In this paper, the dialect of Tagalog used is that of Bulacan (Obando). 2.1.2 Phoneme Inventory The Tagalog language has 25 phonemes: 23 segmental phonemes and 2 suprasegmentals (i.e. stress /ˈ/ at vowel length /ː/). The 23 segmental phonemes are made up of 18 consonants and 5 vowels. 2.1.2.1 Segmentals 2.1.2.1.1 Consonants This inventory is updated based on the data. It can be noticed that /ʧ/ and /ʤ/ are the additions to this inventory. These two phonemes probably came from the palatalized versions of the phonemes /t/ and /d/ (ts, ty, and dy). Table 1 - Consonants Bilabial Alveolar Post- Alveopalatal Velar Glottal alveolar Stops Nasal p b t d m Fricative s ʔ h ʧ Lateral Trill g ŋ n Affricate Glide k ʤ l w j w r BOLLAS 5 p /paˈʔaʔ/ b /ˈbaːgaj/ t /ˈtaːʔɔ/ d /daˈhas/ k /ˈkaːhɔj/ g /gaˈmɔt/ „foot‟ „thing‟ „human‟ l /lɪˈkɔd/ r /ˈrʊːrɔk/ „back‟ „peak‟ m /maŋˈga/ „mango‟ „violence‟ n /ˈnaːmɪn/ „our (ex)‟ „medicine‟ w /waˈkas/ „end‟ „wood‟ ŋ /ŋaˈjɔn/ „now‟ „branch‟ s /saˈŋa/ h /ˈhaːŋɪn/ ʔ /ʔaˈtaj/ j /janˈtɔk/ ʧ /ʧan/ ʤ /ʤan/ „wind‟ „liver‟ „rattan‟ „tummy‟ „there‟ Phonemic contrasts: A. /t/ vs. /d/ 1. ˈtɪːlaʔ „stop (rain)‟ 2. tʊˈlaʔ „poem‟ ˈdɪːlaʔ „tongue‟ dʊˈlaʔ „stage play‟ B. /p/ vs. /b/ 1. paˈsaʔ baˈsaʔ 2. paˈla ˈbaːla „bruise‟ „wet (adj)‟ „expression for „thought so‟‟ „bullet‟ C. /g/ vs. /k/ 1. ˈkaːmɔt „scratch (something itchy) (n)‟ gaˈmɔt „medicine‟ gaˈhɔl „hassle (n)‟ 2. kaˈhɔl „bark (of a dog) (n)‟ D. /m/ vs. /n/ 1. ˈmaːna „inheritance‟ 2. ˈsaːma „to go with‟ ˈnaːnaʔ „pus‟ ˈsaːna „wishing‟ E. /l/ vs. /r/ 1. ˈbaːlɔʔ „widow‟ 2. ˈpalaʔ „shovel‟ ˈbaːrɔʔ „clothes‟ ˈpaːra „stop (spoken when getting off a jeepney)‟ F. Glottal stop /ʔ/ 1. ˈbaːsa baˈsaʔ „read‟ „wet‟ BOLLAS 6 G. Glides (/w/ vs. /j/) „rinse‟ 1. hɪˈnaw ˈhɪːnaj „slowly‟ ʔaˈraj „interj. for something painful (ouch)‟ 2. ˈʔaːraw „sun/ day‟ 2.1.2.1.2 Vowels (Figure 1) ʊ ɪ „dog‟ ɪ „cry (n)‟ ʊ /ˈʔʊːbas/ ɔ ɛ a /ˈʔaːsɔ/ „grape‟ /ʔɪˈjak/ ɛ /ˈʔɛːpal/ „one who always intrudes‟ ɔ /ˈʔɔːsɔ/ „bear‟ a Phonemic contrasts A. /ɛ/ vs. /ɪ/ B. /ɔ/ vs. /ʊ/ 1. ˈmɛːsa „table‟ ˈmɪːsa 1. ˈtɔːjɔʔ „mass‟ „soy sauce‟ „dried fish‟ tʊˈjɔʔ 2. ˈtɔːrɔ „bull‟ ˈtʊːrɔʔ „teaching (n)‟ 2.1.2.1.3 Diphthongs (Figure 2) ʊj ɪw ɛj /ˈbaːhaj/ „house‟ ʔɔj /ˈʔʊːgɔj/ „cradle (n)‟ ʔaw /ˈlaːŋaw/ ɔj aj aw ʔaj ʔʊj /baˈdʊj/ ʔɪw /pakˈsiw/ ʔɛj /ˈrɛːjna/ „fly (insect)‟ „not trendy‟ „viand cooked with vinegar‟ „queen‟ 2.1.2.2 Suprasegmentals A. Stress 1. pɪˈtɔ ˈpɪːtɔ B. Vowel length „seven‟ „whistle (n)‟ 1. ʔaːsɔ ʔasɔ „dog‟ „smoke‟ BOLLAS 7 2.1.3 Phonotactics of Tagalog Onset Coda Medial 1. /p/ /ˈpaːsɔʔ/ „scald‟ /sɪpˈsɪp/ „suck‟ /ˈsaːpɪt/ „nearing‟ „thing‟ /dɪbˈdɪb/ „chest‟ /ˈʔʊːban/ „white hair‟ /ˈbaːkit/ „why‟ /ˈʔʊːtak/ „brain‟ „leaf‟ /hadˈhad/ „jock itch‟ /ʔapˈdɔʔ/ „wood‟ /maˈnɔk/ „chicken‟ /lɪˈkɔd/ „back‟ „dry‟ 2. /b/ /ˈbaːgaj/ 3. /t/ /taˈlon/ „waterfall/ jump‟ 4. /d/ /ˈdaːhɔn/ „gall bladder‟ 5. /k/ /ˈkaːhɔj/ 6. /g/ /ˈgaːlit/ „anger‟ /baˈsag/ „broken‟ /tiˈgaŋ/ /ˈparam/ „paːram‟ /ˈʔaːmɪn/ 7. /m/ /maˈnɔk/ „chicken‟ „our‟ 8. /n/ /ˈnaːtɪn/ „our (in)‟ /ŋaˈjɔn/ „now‟ /ˈsɪnat/ „small fever‟ „now‟ /ʔaŋ/ „(determiner)‟ /paˈŋa/ „jaw‟ „back‟ /daˈtal/ „queen‟ /pɪnˈtɔr/ „ray‟ 9. /ŋ/ /ŋaˈjɔn/ 10. /l/ /lɪˈkɔd/ „arrival‟ /bʊˈlag/ „blind‟ „painter‟ /hɪˈram/ „borrowed‟ /ˈʔɪːpɪs/ „cockroach‟ /ˈʔɪːsɪp/ „mind‟ /ˈʔaːraw/ „sun/ day‟ 11. /r/ /ˈrɛːjna/ 12./s/ /ˈsɪːnag/ 13. /w/ /waˈkas/ „end‟ /ˈbaːwaŋ/ „garlic‟ 14. /j/ /jaˈmot/ „irritation‟ /tʊˈlaj/ „bridge‟ /ŋaˈjɔn/ „now‟ 15. /ʔ/ /ˈʔaːso/ „dog‟ /ˈbaːbaʔ/ „chin‟ /pagˈʔɪːbɪg/ „love‟ 16. /h/ /ˈhaːŋɪn/ „wind‟ /baˈhaʔ/ „flood‟ /ˈpɛːʧaj/ „Chinese cabbage‟ 20. /ʧ/ /ʧan/ „belly‟ 21. /ʤ/ BOLLAS 8 /ʤan/ „there‟ /ʤaʤ/ „judge‟ /ˈbaːʤɛt/ „budget‟ Consonant Clusters These consonant clusters found in Tagalog usually originated from borrowed words from Spanish and English. Some clusters are results of deletion and palatalization in some words and this phenomenon is usually seen in native words (Reid & Schachter, 2009). Examples: Assumed native consonant clusters C1 C2 b1 w, j d2 j 3 j s 1 2 3 Examples /bwan/ „moon/month‟; /ˈbjɛːrnɛs/ „Friday‟ /djan/ „there‟ /sja/ „he/she‟ from /bʊwan/ (deletion of /ʊ/); deletion of /ɪ/ in /bɪjɛrnɛs/ may also be the phoneme ʤ; also from /dɪˈjan/ (deletion of /ɪ/) may also be the phoneme ʃ; also from /sɪˈja/ (deletion of /ɪ/) Borrowed consonant clusters: 1 2 3 C1 C2 b l, r p l, r, w t r d r k l, r, w g l, r, j Examples /ˈblɔːkɛ/ „block‟; /ˈbraːsɔ/ „arm‟ /ˈplaːtɔ/ „plate‟; /praŋˈkɪsa/ „franchise‟; /ˈpwɛːstɔ/1 „position‟ /trak/ „truck‟ /ˈdraːjbɛr/ „driver‟ /ˈklaːsɛ/ „class‟; /ˈkwaːgɔ/2 „owl‟ /glamɔˈrɔːsɔ/ „glamorous‟; /ˈgraːbɛ/ „excessive‟; /ˈgjɛːra/3 „war‟ from /pʊˈwɛstɔ/ (deletion of /ʊ/) from /kʊˈwagɔ/ (deletion of /ʊ/) from /gɪˈjɛra/ (deletion of /ɪ/) Syllable structures 1. CV (ʔaso, paso) 4. CCVC (kwento) 2. CVC (pagkain) 5. CCCVC (straktura) 3. CCV (kweba) BOLLAS 9 2.2 Cebuano (Binisaya/ Bisayan/ Sebuano/ Sugbuanon/ Sugbuhanon/ Visayan) 2.2.1 Introduction The Cebuano language is spoken across the Philippines because of the number of its speakers and because of trade especially in today‟s world where technology makes things easier and travel much convenient. In 2007, Cebuano speakers in the Philippines reached a number of 15, 800, 000 (Lewis, Simon, & Fennigs, 2013). In the year 2007, Tagalog ranked 68th in the 100 Most Spoken Languages in the World (Matos, 2009). In the Ethnologue, they also classified Tagalog as an Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Greater Central Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan language (Lewis, Simon, & Fennigs, 2013). Although Cebuano is quite rampant all over the country, it still has its major places where it is spoken and these are in Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, Biliran, south Masbate provinces, and also in some parts of Mindanao. In each of these places, dialects have emerged so now, there are many dialects of Cebuano all over the country. Some are Boholano, Cebu (Standard Cebuano), Leyte (Kana), and Mindanao Visayan (Bisaya) like the one used in this paper which from Iligan City and Ozamis City. 2.2.2 Phoneme Inventory The Cebuano language has 21 phonemes: 19 segmental phonemes and 2 suprasegmentals (i.e. stress /ˈ/ at vowel length /ː/). The 19 segmental phonemes are made up of 16 consonants and 3 vowels. 2.2.2.1 Segmentals 2.2.2.1.1 Consonants This inventory is updated based on the data. It can be noticed that /ʧ/ and /ʤ/ are the additions to this inventory. These two phonemes probably came from the palatalized versions of the phonemes /t/ and /d/ (ts, ty, and dy). Table 2 – Consonants Bilabial Alveolar Post- Alveopalatal Velar Glottal alveolar Stops Nasal p b t d m Fricative s ʔ h ʧ Lateral Trill g ŋ n Affricate Glide k ʤ l w j w r BOLLAS 10 „to shower‟ p /pɪˈsɪk/ „sand‟ b /baˈlas/ t /tamˈbal/ „medicine‟ „rotten‟ d /daˈʔɔt/ k /ˈkaːhɔj/ l /lʊˈʔag/ r /bɪˈra/ m /maˈbaw/ n /nɪˈpɪs/ „wood‟ g /gaˈmɔt/ „medicine‟ ŋ /ˈŋɪpɔn/ w /waˈlɔ/ „loose‟ s /sʊˈkɔʔ/ „pull‟ h /haˈʔɪt/ „thin‟ j „shallow‟ „tooth‟ „eight‟ ʔ /ʔɪˈtɔm/ /ˈhɪnaj/ ʧ /ʔaˈʧɪŋ/ ʤ /ʤɪs/ „anger‟ „sharpness‟ „black‟ „weak‟ „sneeze‟ „ten‟ Phonemic contrasts A. /t/ vs. /d/ 1. tɪˈra „shoot/fire‟ dɪˈraʔ „there (near)‟ 2. ˈtɪktɪk „insect that sticks to the skin‟ dɪkˈdɪk „pound‟ B. /p/ vs. /b/ 1. paˈnaʔ ˈbana 2. pʊˈla bʊˈla „arrow‟ „husband‟ „red‟ „foam‟ C. /g/ vs. /k/ 1. galaˈʔɪn „separate‟ kaˈlaʔɪn „don‟t like‟ 2. gaˈsabɔt „having a plan‟ kasaˈbɔt „do you understand?‟ D. /m/ vs. /n/ 1. ˈmalʊmɔs „may drown‟ naˈlʊmɔs „drowned‟ 2. maˈbʊʔaŋ „to go crazy‟ naˈbʊʔaŋ „gone crazy‟ E. /l/ vs. /r/ 1. kʊˈlɔt kʊˈrɔt 2. ˈbʊlak ˈbʊrak „curly hair‟ „pinch‟ „flower‟ „break‟ F. Glides (/w/ vs. /j/) 1. laˈwas „body‟ BOLLAS 11 ˈlajas „to go out‟ „to spit‟ 2. lʊˈwaʔ ˈlʊja „ginger‟ G. Glottal stop 1. laˈwaj laˈwaʔ „spittle (saliva)‟ „spider‟ 2.2.2.1.2 Vowels Rubrico (n.d.) gave a rule regarding the vowels of Cebuano. The phoneme /ɪ/ has 2 allophones i.e. [ɪ] and [ɛ] which are in free variation. The phoneme /ʊ/ has two allophones in complementary distribution: /ʊ/ [ʊ]/ ___C# Ex.: ug, uy! [ɔ]/ (V)C___# Ex.: ko, mo, ako, imo But apparently, this does not apply generally to the Cebuano dialect of Iligan. According to the informant, when I gave him words containing the phonemes /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ and /ʊ/ which I assumed can be interchangeable, he said it cannot be at all times interchangeable and most of the time cannot be interchangeable. This cannot be further proven in this paper since the data lacks the needed evidences to prove such although, now I consider the given phonemes to be not allophones of each other because they are not yet predictable based on the gathered data. One explanation which I think might have happened here is that a phonological shift occurred which split the traditional allophonic distribution of [ɪ] and [ɛ] under the phoneme /ɪ/ and [ʊ] and [ɔ] under the phoneme /ʊ/. Now that it has undergone split, the former allophones now became phonemes by themselves. [ɪ] /ɪ/ /ɪ/ [ɔ] /ɔ/ [ʊ] /ʊ/ /ʊ/ [ɛ] /ɛ/ Figure 3 - Vowels ʊ ɪ a /ʔadˈlaw/ ʊ /ʔʊnˈlan/ ɪ ɔ ɛ a /ʔɪˈrɔʔ/ ɛ /ˈpɛstɛ/ ɔ /ˈʔɔːban/ „sun‟ „pillow‟ „dog‟ „pest‟ „buhok na puti‟ BOLLAS 12 Phonemic contrasts A. /ɛ/ vs. /ɪ/ „damn it‟ 1. pɪsˈtɪ ˈpɛstɛ „pest‟ B. /ɔ/ vs. /ʊ/ 1. ˈʔɔːban „buhok na puti‟ ʔʊˈban „to go with‟ tʊˈʔʊ „right (direction)‟ tʊˈʔɔ „obey‟ 2.2.2.1.3 Diphthongs (Figure 4) ʊj ɪw ʔaj /gaˈmaj/ ʔʊj /maˈŋʊjʔab/ „yawn‟ ʔaw /laˈkaw/ ɔj ʔɪw ʔɔj /ˈsɪsɪw/ /ˈtʊtɔj/ „few‟ „to walk‟ „chick‟ „breast‟ aj aw 2.2.2.2 Suprasegmentals A. Stress 1. laˈhɪ B. Vowel length* „different‟ *Examples from Rubrico (n.d.). ˈlahɪ „kind / specie‟ ʔʊˈlɪ „go home‟ ˈʔʊlɪ 1. baːj „return „house‟ baj „vocative for a friend‟ daˈpɪt „place ˈdaːpɪt „invite‟ 2.2.3 Phonotactics of Cebuano Onset Coda Medial 1. /p/ /pɪˈgaʔ/ „to squeeze‟ /sʊpˈsʊp/ „suck‟ /hʊˈjɔpɪ/ „to blow‟ „thick‟ /tʊgˈʔab/ „to belch‟ /hʊˈbag/ „swollen‟ „thorn‟ /paˈjat/ „thin‟ /kadˈtɔ/ „that (far)‟ „there (near)‟ /kaladˈkad/ 2. /b/ /baˈgaʔ/ 3. /t/ /tʊˈnɔk/ 4. /d/ /dɪˈraʔ/ „to drag‟ /ˈtɪndɔg/ „stand up/ stature‟ BOLLAS 13 5. /k/ „this‟ /kaˈnɪ/ /tʊˈnɔk/ „thorn‟ /ʔɪˈkaw/ „you‟ /baˈgaʔ/ „thick‟ 6. /g/ „tight‟ /gʊˈʔɔt/ /dalʊgˈdɔg/ „thunder‟ 7. /m/ /maˈbaw/ „shallow‟ /ʔasˈlʊm/ „sour‟ /gaˈmaj/ „small‟ „face‟ /ʔʊnˈlan/ „pillow‟ /taˈnʊm/ „plant‟ „tooth‟ /naˈhʊŋ/ „face‟ /ˈdʊŋan/ „ear‟ „to throw‟ /kaˈtʊl/ „to scratch (itch)‟ /habˈla/ „to weave‟ /ˈlɪdɛr/ „chief‟ /bɪˈra/ „to pull‟ 8. /n/ /naˈhʊŋ/ 9. /ŋ/ /ˈŋɪpɔn/ 10. /l/ /ˈlabaj/ 11. /r/ 12./s/ /sʊˈkɔʔ/ „anger‟ /lamɪˈgas/ „ant‟ /ˈbrasɔ/ „arm‟ /ʔʊˈpaw/ „bald‟ /laˈwas/ „body‟ „breast‟ /haˈjag/ „bright‟ 13. /w/ /waˈlɔ/ „eight‟ 14. /j/ /jʊˈta/ „earth/soil‟ /ˈtʊtɔj/ 15. /ʔ/ /ʔaˈmɔg/ „fog‟ /pʊˈnɔʔ / „full‟ /tɪˈʔɪl/ „foot‟ 16. /h/ /hʊˈmɔt/ „fragrant‟ /ˈgahɪ/ „hard‟ /ʔaˈʧɪŋ/ „sneeze‟ 20. /ʧ/ /ʧan/ „belly‟ 21. /ʤ/ /ʤɪs/ „ten‟ BOLLAS 14 Consonant Clusters These consonant clusters found in Cebuano usually originated from borrowed words from Spanish and English. Some clusters are results of deletion and palatalization in some words. Examples (Rubrico, n.d.) [revised]: C1 C2 p l, r, w, j planɔ , praŋka , pwɛrtɔ , pjanɔ t r, w, s, j trapɔ , twɛrka , tsʊˈpɛr , tjabaw k l, r, w, j klɪma , krʊs , kwɛba , kjʊgpɔs b l, r, w, j blaŋka , brɪljantɛ , bwɪŋgɪt , bjɛrnɛs d r, w, j drajbɛr , dwɛndɛ , djamantɛ g r, w grabɛ , gwanɔ n w, j nwɛbɛ , njɛbɛ m w, j mwɛblɛs , myɛrkʊlɛs s w, j swapaŋ , sjagɪt h w hwɛs 1 from /pʊˈwɛstɔ/ (deletion of /ʊ/) 2 from /kʊˈwagɔ/ (deletion of /ʊ/) from /gɪˈjɛra/ (deletion of /ɪ/) 3 Examples Syllable structures 1. CV (ʔimo, tana) 2. CVC (ʔumoy) 3. CCV (klaro) 4. CCVC (kwarta, krus) BOLLAS 15 2.3 Itawis (Itawes/ Itawit/ Tawit) 2.3.1 Introduction The Itawis language is spoken in Northern Luzon, in the southern parts of Cagayan. According to the Ethnologue, it has two dialects: Itawis and Malaueg (Lewis, Simons, & Fennig, 2013). The Itawis language is an Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Northern Luzon, Northern Cordilleran, Cagayan Valley, Ibanagic language (Lewis, Simons, & Fennig, 2013). In the census of the year 1990, the Itawis speakers in the Philippines reached a number of 139, 000 (Lewis, Simons, & Fennig, 2013). The dialect from which the data is gathered is the one in Tuguegarao City. 2.3.2 Phoneme Inventory The Itawis language has 27 phonemes: 26 segmental phonemes at 1 suprasegmental (i.e. stress). The 26 segmental phonemes consist of 21 consonants and 5 vowels. 2.3.2.1 Segmentals 2.3.2.1.1 Consonants This inventory is updated based on the data. It can be noticed that /ʧ/ and /ʤ/ are the additions to this inventory. These two phonemes probably came from the palatalized versions of the phonemes /t/ and /d/ (ts, ty, and dy). It must also be noted that the Itawis language is a geminate language. In the data, the phonemes (consonants) which can be geminated are /p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, ŋ, f, s, z, l, j/. Table 3 - Consonants Bilabial Labio- Dental Alveolar Post- dental Stops Nasal p t d k m f v s z h ʤ l w j Trill b /bagˈgɪ/ ʔ ŋ ʧ Lateral p /paˈŋa/ Glottal g n Affricate Glide Velar alveolar b Fricative Alveopalatal w r „branch‟ „body‟ t /ˈtagaŋ/ d /daˈha/ „chest‟ „blood‟ k /ˈkajʊŋ/ g /ˈgafʊt/ „brother-in-law‟ „catch‟ BOLLAS 16 „back‟ l /lɪˈkʊg/ r /ragˈgaŋ/ m /ˈmʊla/ n /nabɪˈsɪn/ w /waˈhɪ/ „red‟ s /saˈŋaw/ „plant‟ z /zɪˈraja/ „hungry‟ „sibling‟ „now‟ „left‟ h /hanˈna/ „what‟ ŋ /ˈŋammɪn/ „all‟ ʔ /ʔaˈtʊg/ „knee‟ j /ˈjakan/ f /ˈfʊtʊ/ v /vʊˈkal/ „I‟ „heart‟ „seed‟ ʧ /ˈkaʧɔk/ „earwax‟ ʤ /ʤan na/ „where‟ Phonemic contrasts A. /t/ vs. /d/ 1. ʔɪtˈta „we (dual, pl.)‟ ʔɪdˈda „to lie (on side)‟ 2. ˈgadaŋ „rise (from the water)‟ ˈgataŋ „buy‟ B. /p/ vs. /b/ 1. mappatˈtʊ mabbagˈgʊ 2. ˈpagaŋ ˈbagaŋ 3. lapˈpag labˈbag C. /g/ vs. /k/ 1. tagˈgam ʔakˈkan 2. tɔtˈtɔk tʊtˈtʊg 3. bannak banˈnag 4. lapˈpak lapˈpag „to jump‟ „to wash‟ „good thing that happened to you (sarcasm)‟ „ember‟ „slap‟ „rotten‟ „ant‟ „not‟ „bump‟ „sit‟ „throw‟ „tired‟ „drop‟ „slap‟ D. /m/ vs. /n/ 1. ʔɪˈna „mother‟ naˈtaj „corpse‟ ˈʔɪma maˈtaj E. /l/ vs. /r/ 1. ˈʔʊlʊ „palm‟ „to die‟ „head BOLLAS 17 ʔʊˈrʊ „medicine‟ F. /f/ vs. /v/ 1. ʔaˈfʊ „god‟ ʔaˈvʊ „ash‟ G. /s/ vs. /z/ „tobacco seed‟ 1. gassɪt „anger‟ gazˈzɪt H. Glides (/w/ vs. /j/) 1. sɪnˈnaw „washing the dishes‟ sɪˈnaj „belly‟ 2.3.2.1.2 Vowels (Figure 5) ʊ ɪ a /ʔaˈjam/ ʊ /ˈʔʊbat/ ɪ e /ʔɛnˈtrɛ/ ɔ ɛ /ˈʔɪma/ o /dɔn/ „animal‟ „buttocks‟ „arm‟ „and‟ „leaf‟ a Phonemic contrasts I. /ɔ/ vs. /ʊ/ 1. ˈkɔkɔt kʊˈkʊ 2. kɔkˈkɔg J. /ɛ/ vs. /ɪ/ „to steal‟ 1. ˈbɛbaj „nail‟ ˈbibaj „to dig‟ ʔaj ʔɪkɔkˈkɔg /sɪˈnaj/ ʔaw /ʔalˈgaw/ aj aw „shell‟ 2. mɛkɔkˈkɔg kʊkˈkʊg „scraping coconuts‟ 2.3.2.1.3 Diphthongs (Figure 6) „sea‟ „to bury (the dead)‟ „to bury‟ „belly‟ „day/ afternoon‟ BOLLAS 18 2.3.2.2 Suprasegmentals Stress 1. ˈkajʊ „tree‟ „you‟ (ʔɪ)kaˈjʊ 2.3.3 Phonotactics of Itawis Onset Coda Medial 1. /p/ „branch‟ /paˈŋa/ „suck‟ /sʊnˈsʊp/ „bitter‟ /naˈpɛt/ 2. /b/ „body‟ /bagˈgɪ/ „buttocks‟ /ˈʔʊbat/ 3. /t/ /tagˈgam/ „ant‟ „anger‟ /gazˈzɪt/ „brain‟ /ˈʔʊtak/ 4. /d/ „blood‟ /daˈha/ „gall bladder‟ /ʔapˈdʊʔ/ 5. /k/ „tree‟ /ˈkajʊ/ /mamˈmanʊk/ „bird‟ /lɪˈkʊg/ „back‟ /ˈtagaŋ/ „chest‟ /tʊˈmaŋ/ „ankle‟ 6. /g/ „bundle/ belt‟ /ˈgalʊt/ „awake‟ /nalʊˈkag/ 7. /m/ /manaˈŋat/ „fish‟ „animal‟ /ʔaˈjam/ 8. /n/ /naŋʊˈral/ „dull (knife)‟ /ŋamˈmɪn/ „all‟ /kaŋ/ „back‟ /daˈkal/ „all‟ „belly‟ /sɪˈnaj/ 9. /ŋ/ /ŋamˈmɪn/ „at‟ /paˈŋa/ „branch‟ „big‟ /vʊˈlag/ 10. /l/ /lɪˈkʊg/ „blind‟ 11. /r/ /ragˈgaŋ/ „red‟ /trabahaˈdɔr/ „servant‟ „sharpness‟ /taˈram/ 12. /s/ /sɪˈnaj/ „belly‟ /ˈʔɪpɪs/ „cockroach‟ /naˈŋɪsɪt/ „black‟ 13. /w/ /waˈhɪ/ „sibling‟ /ʔalˈgaw/ „day/afternoon‟ /naˈnawag/ „bright‟ 14. /j/ BOLLAS 19 „I‟ /naˈtɔlaj/ „alive‟ /ʔaˈjam/ „knee‟ /ˈbabaʔ/ „chin‟ /mɛˈʔanʊg/ /ˈjakan/ „animal‟ 15. /ʔ/ /ʔaˈtʊg/ „to flow‟ 16. /h/ /hanˈna/ „what‟ „blood‟ /daˈha/ 17. /z/ /zɪˈraja/ „left‟ /ʔattazˈzɪt/ „tight‟ 18. /f/ /ˈfʊtʊ/ „heart‟ /vʊˈkal/ „seed‟ /ˈgafʊt/ „catch‟ /ʔaˈvʊ/ „ash‟ 19. /v/ /ʔaˈvʊk/ „hair‟ 20. /ʧ/ /ˈkaʧɔk/ „earwax‟ 21. /ʤ/ ʤ /ʤan na/ „where‟ /palaˈʤaw/ „to run‟ Consonant clusters These consonant clusters found in Itawis usually originated from borrowed words from Spanish. Some clusters are results of deletion and palatalization in some words. Examples: C1 C2 Examples p w b r, j t r k w /kwan/ „to do‟ d w /dwa/ „two‟ g w, j f r /ˈpwɛrta/ „door‟ /kʊstɔmbrɛ/ „custom‟, /bjɛrnɪt/ „Biyernes‟ /trabahaˈdɔr/ „servant‟ /ˈgwapa/ „beautiful‟, /gjɛˈra/ „war‟ /ˈfrɛntɛ/ „forehead‟ BOLLAS 20 Gemination According to Bolozky (2004), gemination is “…a long consonant, represented either by a special mark, or by doubling the consonant. In syllable division, a geminate consonant is assumed to close one syllable and serve as the onset to the next one…” This is very particular in Itawis in the consonant phonemes /p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, ŋ, f, s, z, l, j/. Some word examples are given below: pp bb tt dd kk gg mm lapˈpaw „flower‟ nn bɪtˈtʊt „short‟ ff kabˈbaŋ „scratch/ carving‟ gadˈdaŋ „skin‟ ʔɪkɔkˈkɔg „to bury‟ magˈgɪna „to hear‟ ʔamˈmʊ „to know‟ ŋŋ ss zz ll jj hanˈna „what‟ baŋˈŋag „deaf‟ ʔʊfˈfʊ „thigh‟ bɛsˈsaŋ „few‟ mɔzˈzan „last‟ ʔalˈlɛ „same‟ ʔarajˈjʊ „far‟ Syllable structures (Jalotjot, 1937) 1. CV (na) 2. CVC (garsig) 3. CCV (kwan) 4. CCVC (frente, byernit) BOLLAS 21 3.0 Conclusion Having presented the phonology of Tagalog, Cebuano, and Itawis, it now calls for a definitive conclusion on their phonological similarities and differences. Tagalog and Cebuano are Central Philippine languages (although geographically, they belong to different islands and regions) while Itawis is a Northern Luzon (Northern Cordilleran) language. Given these subgrouping and geographical differences, how can these three languages be similar or different from each other? This phonemic inventory (table and figure below) shows the core segmental phonemes of the three languages. It means that these are the phonemes which occurred consistently in all three languages. We can see that the voiced and voiceless stops /p, b, t, d, k, g, ʔ/ are present in all three Philippine languages, same with the nasals /m, n, ŋ/, fricatives /s, h/, affricates /ʧ, ʤ/ glides /w, j/ and the lateral /l/ and the trill /r/. It should not be forgotten that stress /ˈ/ is also a core suprasegmental phoneme in these three languages. Also, adding the vowels: the low back unrounded lax /a/, the mid front unrounded lax /ɛ/, the high front unrounded lax /ɪ/, the mid back rounded lax /ɔ/, and the high back rounded lax /ʊ/. This makes the vowel inventory of the three languages the same and with no differences. Summed up, there are 24 phonemes which are inherent in Tagalog, Cebuano and Itawis. Table 4 – Core phonemes of Tagalog, Cebuano and Itawis (Segmentals) Bilabial Alveolar Post- Alveopalatal Velar Glottal alveolar Stops p Nasal b t d m k ʔ ŋ n Fricative g s h ʧ Affricate Lateral ʤ l Glide w j Trill w r Figure 7 – Core Vowels of Tagalog, Cebuano and Itawis Since these three languages belong to ʊ ɪ different subgroups and lies in different geographies, it must have also reflected in their respective ɔ ɛ language; there must be differences. The first difference is in the phonemic inventory, the suprasegmental phoneme vowel length /ː/. Although a BOLLAS 22 present in both Tagalog and Cebuano, it was not proven by the data gathered that it is phonemic (or if it exists) in Itawis. The Itawis language‟s voiceless and voiced labiodental fricatives /f, v/ and the voiced alveolar fricative /z/ are also the deviations from the core phoneme inventory of the three languages. Nonetheless, these are not borrowed phonemes in Itawis, rather they are native. With the diphthongs, the core ones are only /aj/ and /aw/. Although Tagalog had 6 diphthongs /aj, aw, ɛj, ɪw, ɔj, ʊj/ and Cebuano had 5 (all those of Tagalog too excluding /ɛj/), Itawis only had 2 which are /aj/ and /aw/. The core consonant cluster patterns of the three languages are CV, CVC, CCV, and CCVC. Only Tagalog deviated from this having an additional CCCVC pattern which obviously originated from borrowed words from English. The additional phonemes in the three languages (i.e. ʧ &ʤ) are due to recent innovations in the language. This may be limited only to speakers who are exposed to English or other foreign languages and may be acquired only by the younger speakers of each language. All based from the data, the findings of this paper reflects the current usage of Tagalog, Cebuano (in Iligan) and Itawis (in Tuguegarao) by the respective native speakers. It can be seen that there innovations that have reflected in this paper especially the vowels of Cebuano-Iligan. Tagalog, on the other hand, may include a lot of English borrowed terms and phonemes but it is not included here so as to distinguish Tagalog from Filipino. It is quite ecstatic to see how three geographically separated languages can have so many shared features and even in their lexicon (see Appendix 1). They may have differences but these deviations existed in order to distinguish these three languages from each other. BOLLAS 23 References: Bolozky, S. (2004). Surface geminates (dageš forte) in Israeli Hebrew. In L. Ehrlich, S. Bolozky, R. Rothstein, M. Schwartz, J. Berkovitz, J. Young (Eds.), Textures and Meaning: Thirty Years of Judaic Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst , Department of Judaic and Near Eastern Studies, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Bunye, M. V. R. & Yap, E. P. (1971). Cebuano grammar notes. Honolulu: University of Hawaii. Delahunty, G. P., & Garvey, J. J. (2010). The English language from sound to sense. West Lafayette, Indiana: Parlor Press. Retrieved from http://wac.colostate.edu/books/sound/sound.pdf Forel, C-A., & Puskás, G. (1986). Phonetics and phonology: reader for first year English linguistics. Informally published manuscript, University of Oldenburg, Retrieved from http://www.staff.uni-oldenburg.de/cornelia.hamann/download/Phonology.pdf Jalotjot, E. M. (1937). Diskripsyon ng klos na verbal ng wikang Itawit (Master‟s thesis). University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City. Lewis, M. P., Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (Eds.). (2013). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SiL international. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com Matos, F. H. (2009, June 28). The 100 most spoken languages on the world [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://frankherles.wordpress.com/2009/06/28/the-100-most-spoken- languages-on-the-world/ Nelson, A. M. (1964). An introduction to Cebuano. Cebu City: Rotary Press. Reid, L. & Schachter, P. (2009). Tagalog. In B. Comrie (Ed.), The world‟s major languages (2nd ed., pp. 833-855). London: Routledge. Retrieved from http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/Combined%20Files/A71.%202008.%20Tagalog%20chapt er%2049.pdf Rubrico, J. G. U. (n.d.). Cebuano Grammar Notes. Retrieved from BOLLAS 24 http://www.languagelinks.org/onlinepapers/fil_cbstd.html Appendix 1 500 Wordlist English Tagalog Itawis Cebuano 001 adze tɪgbʊŋˈkal 002 alive bʊˈhaj 003 all laˈhat ŋamˈmɪn taˈnan 004 and 005 anger ˈgaːlɪt sʊˈkɔʔ 006 animal ˈhaːjɔp gazˈzɪt 007 ankle bʊˈkʊŋbʊːkɔŋ tʊˈmaŋ ˈsakɔŋ 008 ant laŋˈgam lamɪˈgas 009 arm ˈbɪːsɪg tagˈgam 010 armpit kɪˈlɪkɪːlɪ kɪlɪˈkɪlɪ 011 arrow palaˈsɔ ˈpaːna ʔɪˈlɔk 012 ashes ʔaˈbɔ 013 at sa kaŋ 014 awake gɪˈsɪŋ nalʊˈkag maˈta 015 back lɪˈkɔd lɪˈkʊg lɪˈkɔd 016 bad masaˈma naˈrakat maˈlɪ 017 bald 018 bamboo kaˈwaːjan kaˈwajan 019 bark (tree) baˈlat naŋ ˈkaːhɔj 020 bear, suffer tɪˈʔɪs pasɛnˈʃan 021 beard balˈbas ˈʔɪmɪŋ 022 beautiful 023 belly 024 big 025 bile 026 bird 027 bitter 028 black 029 ʔat ˈsaːkɔŋ kalˈbɔ ˈbʊːhɔ maganˈda ʧan malaˈkɪ ʔapˈdɔ naˈtɔlaj ʔɛnˈtrɛ ʔaˈjam ˈʔɪma bʊˈhɪ ʔʊg ʔanɪˈmal ˈbrasɔ paˈnaʔ ʔaˈvʊ kalˈbʊ ʔaˈbɔ sa ʔʊˈpaw kaˈwajan baˈrɔk ʔanˈtɔs bʊˈŋɔt ˈgwapa gwaˈpa sɪˈnaj tɪˈjan daˈkal daˈkɔʔ ʔapˈdʊʔ ʔapˈdʊʔ ˈʔɪːbɔn mamˈmanʊk ˈlaŋgam ʔɪˈtɪm, maʔɪˈtɪm ʔɪˈtɔm blade/ sharpness taˈlɪm naˈŋɪsɪt 030 blind bʊˈlag vʊˈlag bʊˈta 031 blood dʊˈgɔʔ dʊˈgɔʔ 032 body kataˈwan daˈha bagˈgɪ laˈwas 033 bone bʊˈtɔ (also, seed) vʊˈkal bʊˈkɔg mapaˈʔɪt naˈpɛt taˈram paˈʔɪt haˈʔɪt tʊˈlaŋ BOLLAS 25 034 boy (young m., not ˈbaːtaŋ laˈlaːkɪ bagɪˈtɔlaj ˈlaːkɛ ˈʔʊːtak ˈʔʊtak ˈʔʊlɔ ˈsʊsʊ son) 035 brain 036 branch 037 breast ˈsʊsɔ 038 bright malɪˈwaːnag 039 brother-in-law baˈjaw 040 bundle, belt bɪgˈkɪs 041 butterfly paˌrʊpaˈrɔ 042 buttocks pwɛt, pwɪˈtan 043 catch, apprehend daˈkɪp 044 charcoal ˈʔʊlɪŋ 045 cheek pɪsˈŋɪ 046 chest dɪbˈdɪb 047 chick ˈsɪːsɪw 048 chicken 049 chief 050 child (young) 051 chin 052 clean 053 cloud 054 saˈŋa paˈŋa saˈŋa naˈnawag haˈjag ˈkajʊŋ ˈgalʊt ˈtʊtɔj baˈjaw baˈkʊs tʊtʊˈbɪ ˈʔʊbat lʊˈbɔt ˈgafʊt dakˈpan ʔaˈpɔŋɔl ʔaˈpɪŋ ˈʔʊlɪŋ ˈʔʊlɪŋ ˈtagaŋ dʊgˈhan maˈnɔk maˈnʊk maˈnɔk ʔaˈnak ʔaˈnak ʔaˈnak ˈpʊːnɔ (alsɔ, trɛɛ) ˈbabaʔ ˈpɪjak ˈkajʊ ˈbabaʔ ˈsɪsɪw ˈlɪdɛr sʊˈwaŋ maˈlɪːnɪs naˈrɛnʊ cockroach ˈʔɪpɪs ˈʔɪpɪs 055 coconut nɪˈjɔg 056 coconut grater kʊdˈkʊːran 057 coconut milk gaˈtaʔ 058 cold (objects) malaˈmɪg 059 cold (weather) magɪˈnaw nalamˈmɪn bʊgˈnaw 060 corpse baŋˈkaj paˈtaj na ˈlawas 061 cousin ˈpɪnsan naˈtaj kapɪtˈta ʔɪgˈʔagaw 062 crocodile bʊˈwaːja bʊˈwaja bʊwaˈja 063 crow ʔʊˈwak mamˈmanʊk ʔʊˈwak 064 curly hair kʊˈlɔt kʊˈlʊt kʊˈlɔt 065 dark, dim madɪˈlɪm dʊˈlɔm 066 day (12 or 24 hrs) ˈʔaːraw (also, sun) naˈkɔpan 067 daytime (not night ˈʔʊlap malaˈmɪg ˈʔɪjʊg ˈlɪmpjɔ ˈdagʔɔm ˈʔɪpɪs lʊˈbɪ ˈʔɪjag kʊdkʊˈran nalamˈmɪn bʊgˈnaw gaˈtaʔ ʔalˈgaw gaˈtaʔ ʔadˈlaw ʔʊˈmaːga ˈʔʊmma baŋˈŋag bʊˈŋɔl ʔaˈdalam laˈlɔm bʊnˈtag time) 068 deaf bɪˈŋɪ 069 debt ˈʔʊːtaŋ 070 deep 071 deer maˈlaːlɪm ʔʊˈsa gatˈtʊt ʔʊtˈta ˈʔʊtaŋ ʔʊˈsa BOLLAS 26 daralˈlan 072 demolish gɪˈbaʔ 073 dew haˈmɔg 074 dirty marʊˈmɪ 075 dog ˈʔaːsɔ 076 door pɪnˈtɔʔ 077 downward pabaˈbaʔ pagʊˈkag 078 dream panaˈgɪːnɪp 079 dry (substance) tʊˈjɔʔ namaˈha 080 dull (knife) mapʊˈrɔl 081 dumb (mute) ˈpɪːpɪ 082 dust 083 ear 084 earth (soil) ˈlʊːpa 085 earwax tʊtʊˈlɪ 086 edible, climbing plant from fleshy ˈʔʊːbɛ ʔalɪkaˈbɔk ʔalaˈbɔk ˈtɛːŋa gʊˈba haˈmɔg nadaˈpɪŋ ˈhʊgaw ˈpwɛrta pwɛrtaˈhan ˈʔatʊ ʔɪˈrɔʔ baˈbaʔ taˈtɛnat damˈgɔ naŋʊˈral haˈbʊl ʔʊˈga ˈpɪpɪ ʔaˈmaŋ daraŋˈgaŋ ˈdʊŋan lʊˈsak jʊˈta ˈkaʧɔk tʊtʊˈlɪ gaˈhʊk ˈʔʊbɪ ʔaˈbɔg ˈʔʊbɛ root stock 087 eel ˈʔɪːgat (freshwater) sɪˈhɪn 088 egg ʔɪtˈlɔg ˈʔɪlʊg ʔɪtˈlɔg 089 eggplant 090 eight waˈlʊ waˈlɔ 091 elbow 092 ember, hot coal 093 erection 094 paˈlɔs (saltwater) taˈlɔŋ baraŋˈkɪnɪt ˈsɪːkɔ ˈsɪkʊ waˈlɔ taˈlɔŋ ˈsɪkɔ ˈbaːgaʔ ˈsɪdʊg evening gaˈbɪ gaˈbɪ 095 excrement dʊˈmɪ ˈtaːɛ kaˈwɛt gaˈbɪʔɪ 096 eye maˈta eyebrow ˈkɪraj maˈta 097 ˈkɪːlaj maˈta 098 face mʊkˈha naˈhʊŋ 099 far maˈlaːjɔ ˈmʊkat 100 fast mabɪˈlɪs pasˈpas 101 fat (substance) taˈbaʔ pasˈpas 102 father 103 104 ʔarajˈjʊ ˈbaga ʔʊˈtɔg ˈtaʔɛ ˈkɪlaj laˈjɔʔ ʔaˈma taˈba ʔaˈma tamˈbɔk father/mother-in-law bjɛˈnan katʊˈwaŋan bjɛˈnan feather (large) balaˈhɪːbɔ (fur,fine ˈdʊdʊt balaˈhɪbɔ ˈbakʊg kʊˈral ˈpapa hair) 105 fence 106 few ˈbaːkɔd ˈkɔːntɪ bɛsˈsaŋ gaˈmaj BOLLAS 27 107 fin palɪkˈpɪk 108 finger daˈlɪːrɪ 109 fingernail 110 fire 111 first 112 firstborn 113 fish 114 ˈʔɪpaj palɪkˈpɪk ˈʔɪma tʊdˈlɔʔ kʊˈkɔ kʊˈkʊ kʊˈkɔ ʔaˈpɔj ʔaˈfɪ ˈsʊnɔg pɪnakamagʊˈlaŋ ʔɪsˈda kaˈka manaˈŋat ʔɪsˈda five lɪˈma lɪˈma lɪˈma 115 flatulence ʔʊˈtɔt ʔʊˈtɔt 116 flood baˈhaʔ ʔatˈtʊt 117 flower bʊlakˈlak 118 fly (the insect) ˈlaːŋaw (small) 119 foam bʊˈla 120 fog haˈmɔg 121 foot ˈʔʊːna paˈŋaːnaj ˈbaːŋaw (big) paˈʔaʔ ʔʊnˈna ˈʔʊna baˈsaw baˈhaʔ ˈlaŋaw ˈlaŋaw ˈgʊwat bʊˈla lapˈpaw lapˈpat ˈtaka ˈfrɛntɛ ˈbʊlak ʔaˈmɔg tɪˈʔɪl ʔagˈtaŋ 122 forehead nɔˈʔɔʔ 123 foul-smelling maˈbahɔ navʊˈyʊk 124 four 125 fragrant mabaˈŋɔ hʊˈmɔt 126 frog palaˈka nabaˈŋʊg 127 full (after eating) bʊˈsɔg nabatˈtʊg bʊˈsɔg 128 full (not empty) pʊˈnɔʔ 129 fur balaˈhɪːbɔ 130 garden 131 gills 132 ginger 133 girl 134 god ʤɔs 135 gold 136 good 137 goodbye 138 grass 139 gray hair 140 guts laˈmanlɔˈʔɔb 141 hair bʊˈhɔk ˈʔaːpat ˈhaːlaːmanan ʔapˈpat ˈtʊkak napaˈnʊ ˈdʊdʊt ˈhaːsaŋ barasaˈŋa ˈbataŋ baˈbaʔɛ ʔabˈbɪŋ ɲa baˈbaj ˈlʊːja laˈja baˈhɔʔ ʔʊˈpat baˈkɪ pʊˈnɔʔ balaˈhɪbɔ talamˈnan ˈhasaŋ ˈlʊja ˈbaʔɛ ʔaˈfʊ gɪˈnɔʔɔ gɪnˈtɔ gɔld gɪnˈtɔ maˈbʊːtɪ mapˈja bʊˈʔɔtan paˈʔaːlam pakamˈmʊ adˈtɔ saˈkɔ ˈʔʊːban ʔʊˈbaŋ ˈʔʊban daˈmɔ cowlick pʊˈjɔʔ 142 hand kaˈmaj 143 hard matɪˈgas 144 he ʃa (he, she) 145 head ˈʔʊːlɔ kadˈdat daˈmɔ tɪˈnaʔɛ ʔaˈvʊk bʊˈhɔk ˈʔɪma kaˈmʊt ʔɪgˈgɪna ʃa ʔalɪmʊˈrak natagˈgat ˈʔʊlʊ tɪnˈkɔj ˈgahɪ ˈʔʊlɔ BOLLAS 28 napˈja jɔ gawgaˈwajan ˈbaskʊg 146 healthy malʊˈsɔg 147 heart ˈpʊːsɔʔ 148 heavy mabɪˈgat 149 here ˈdɪːtɔ 150 high tide 151 hole (esp. in ground) 152 hot 153 house 154 how 155 how many? 156 how much? magˈkaːnɔ taˈgɪ pɪˈja tagˈpɪla 157 hungry gʊˈtɔm nabɪˈsɪn gʊˈtɔm 158 husband ʔaˈsaːwa (spouse) ʔaˈtawa ˈbana 159 I 160 image laˈrawan ʔɪtˈʧʊra lɪˈtratɔ 161 intestines bɪˈtʊːka bɪtʊˈgal tɪˈnaʔɛ 162 island pʊˈlɔʔ ˈʔɪsla 163 itch kaˈtɪ ˈʔɪsla 164 jaw 165 kiss 166 knee 167 lake ˈlaːwaʔ 168 last hʊˈlɪ mɔzˈzan tʊˈmɔj 169 lastborn bʊnˈsɔʔ pɪnakamaŋˈhʊd 170 later ˈmamajaʔ ʔʊzˈzan 171 leaf dɔn 172 leak, drip, rain ˈtʊːlɔʔ ˈtʊrʊt ˈdahɔn 173 left (hand) kalɪˈwaʔ zɪˈraja 174 leg bɪnˈtɪʔ 175 lie (falsehood) kasɪnʊŋaˈlɪːŋan 176 light 177 ˈfʊtʊ nadamˈmat kaˈɲaw ˈkasɪŋˈkasɪŋ bʊgˈʔat dɪˈrɛ taˈʔɔb ˈbʊːtas batˈtak bʊsˈlɔt maˈʔɪnɪt naˈpatʊ ˈʔɪnɪt paˈʔanɔ kʊnaˈsɪ ˈhʊːkaj ˈbaːhaj ʔɪˈlan ʔaˈkɔ baˈlaj pɪˈja ˈjakan ˈpɪla ʔaˈkɔ kaˈtɔl ʔamˈma haˈlʊk ʔaˈpɔŋɔl ˈtʊːhɔd ʔaˈtʊg ˈdaːhɔn ˈʔʊnsa kaˈtal paˈŋa haˈlɪk baˈlaj sɔ ʔaˈbɪt paˈŋa ˈtʊhɔd ˈlawa ʔʊnˈja ˈtʊlɔʔ waˈlaʔ bɪnˈtɪ magaˈʔaŋ ladˈdʊg nalamˈpaw baˈkak lightning kɪdˈlat kɪlkɪˈlat kɪdˈlat 178 lip ˈlaːbɪ sɪˈmʊk 179 liver 180 long maˈhaːba 181 loose malʊˈwaŋ gaˈʔan bɪˈbɪg (mɔʊth) ʔaˈtaj ʔaˈgal ʔapadˈdʊ ʔaˈtaj taˈʔas ʔaˈlawa lʊˈʔag ˈkʊtʊ ˈkʊtɔ malʊˈwag 182 louse 183 love charm ˈkʊːtɔ gaˈjʊːma taˈmaj gaˈjʊma BOLLAS 29 184 lungs 185 man (male) 186 many 187 mat (for floor) 188 meat (flesh) ˈbaːga ˈtagaŋ ˈbagaʔ ʔaˈrʊ dagˈhan ˈkarnɛ karˈnɛ laˈlaːkɪ laˈlakɪ baˈnɪg ʔaˈbak maˈramɪ karˈnɛ laˈman laˈlakɪ baˈnɪg (also,contents) 189 medicine gaˈmɔt 190 melt tʊˈnaw 191 middle gɪtˈnaʔ 192 milk ˈgaːtas 193 moon bwan (alsɔ, ʔʊˈrʊ ˈlʊnag tamˈbal tʊˈnaw taŋˈŋa tʊˈŋaʔ ˈvʊlan ˈbʊlan laˈmɔk laˈmʊk laˈmɔk ʔɪˈna ˈmama gatˈtak ˈgatas month) 194 mosquito 195 moss 196 mother ʔɪˈna, ˈnaːnaj 197 mountain bʊnˈdɔk baˈkʊlʊg 198 mouth bɪˈbɪg bɪˈbɪg baʔbaʔ 199 mud ˈpʊːtɪk vʊˈjʊn ˈlapɔk 200 nail (finger or toe) kʊˈkɔ kʊˈkʊ kʊˈkɔ 201 name paˈŋaːlan ˈŋahan paˈŋalan 202 nape 203 narrow maˈkɪːtɪd ʔattazˈzɪt gʊˈʔɔt 204 navel ˈpʊːsɔd 205 near maˈlaːpɪt ˈfʊtag 206 neck lɛˈʔɛg 207 necklace kwɪnˈtas 208 needle nest (as bird‟s) kaˈraːjɔm ˈdahʊm ˈdagɔm 209 210 net (fishing) lamˈbat ʔaˈbʊt ʔaˈbʊt pʊˈkɔt 211 new 212 night gaˈbɪ gaˈbɪ gaˈbɪʔɪ 213 nine 214 none waˈlaʔ ʔaˈwan waˈlaʔ 215 northeast wind 216 nose ʔɪˈlɔŋ ˈʔɪjjʊŋ 217 not hɪnˈdɪ 218 now ŋaˈjɔn 219 octopus 220 often ˈlʊːmɔt ˈbaːtɔk maˈkɪːpɔt ˈpʊːgad ˈbaːgɔ ʃam ʔaˈmɪːhan ˈlʊmʊt taŋˈŋag ʔaranˈnɪ karaˈlɔŋ ˈlʊmɔt ˈbʊkɪd ˈbatɔk ˈpʊsɔd dʊˈʔɔl lɪˈʔɔg kwɪnˈtas ˈtʊhʊt baˈhʊ sʲam ˈpʊgad ˈbagɔ ʃam ˈʔaŋɪn ʔaˈmɪhan ʔakˈkan dɪˈlɪʔ ʔɪˈlɔŋ saˈŋaw kaˈrʊn pʊˈgɪːta pʊˈgɪta pʊˈgɪta madaˈlas kaˈnajʊn pɪrˈmɪ BOLLAS 30 maˈlɪːmɪt 221 old 222 once 223 one 224 one hundred 225 one thousand 226 orphan 227 other, different 228 outrigger canoe 229 ˈlʊːma ˈdana ˈmɪːnsan nʊ dʊdˈdʊma ʔɪˈsaŋ daˈʔan ʃɛn ʔɪˈsa ʔɪˈsa ʔɪˈsaŋ ˈlɪbɔ mɪl ʔʊˈlɪːla ʔɪˈba ʔʊˈlɪla ˈdʊma ˈdaʔan talagˈsa ʔɪˈsa ʔɪˈsa gaˈtɔs ʔɪˈsaŋ lɪˈbɔ ˈlaʔɪn baŋˈka baŋˈka outrigger float ˈkaːtɪg baraˈŋaj 230 over there (far) dɔˈʔɔn dɪdˈtɔ 231 paddle (canoe) sagˈwan kanˈnaj 232 pain saˈkɪt (also, balˈsa taˈkɪt ˈkatɪg sagˈwan saˈkɪt sickness) ˈʔɪma ˈpalad ˈtaːʔɔ (also human) ˈtɔlaj ˈtaʔɔ ˈʔʊːnan fʊˈŋan plant haˈlaːman ˈmʊla 239 pound, well ground dɪkˈdɪk dɪkˈdɪk dɪkˈdɪk 240 press with hand or dɪˈʔɪn tʊlˈmag pɪˈsat ˈtʊːsɔk ˈtʊbak ˈtʊsɔk 233 palm (hand) 234 penis 235 person 236 pig 237 pillow 238 ˈpaːlad ʔaːrɪ naŋ laˈlaːkɪ ˈtɪːtɪ ˈʔʊsɪn ˈbaːbɔj ˈbavɪ ˈʔʊtɪn ˈbabɔj ʔʊnˈlan taˈnʊm weight 241 prick, pierce 242 pus 243 rat daˈgaʔ 244 red pʊˈla 245 rib taˈʤaŋ 246 right (correct) 247 right (hand) 248 rinse 249 river 250 road 251 rock (or boulder) baˈtɔ 252 roof 253 root 254 ˈnaːnaʔ ˈtaːmaʔ danˈnʊ balaˈkag ragˈgaŋ baˈrat ˈnanaʔ ʔɪlaˈgaʔ pʊˈla ˈkaːnan sakˈtɔ ˈtamaʔ zɪwaˈnan tʊˈʔʊ ˈʔɪːlɔg barˈnaw ˈkajan banˈlaw banˈlaw daˈʔan sʊˈbaʔ ˈdalan ˈdalan bʊˈbɔŋ sɪm bʊˈbɔŋ ʔʊˈgat ʔʊˈgat rope ˈlʊːbɪd gaˈmʊt 255 rotten (as fruit) sɪˈraʔ nalabˈbag daˈʔɔt 256 rotten (log) bʊˈlɔk 257 rough magasˈpaŋ baˈtʊ ˈgalʊt baˈtɔ ˈpɪsɪʔ bʊˈlɔk ˈgɔrdɔ BOLLAS 31 ʔaˈsɪn ʔaˈsɪn ʔalˈlɛ paˈrɛhas bʊˈhaːŋɪn gɪˈnat scratch, carving ˈkaːmɔt kabˈbaŋ baˈlas 263 sea (ocean) ˈdaːgat ˈbɛbaj 264 second 258 salt 259 salty 260 same 261 sand 262 ʔaˈsɪn maˈʔaːlat ˈtʊːlad kaˈtʊːlad ˈʔʊːkɪt ʔɪkalaˈwa paŋalaˈwa ˈnasɪn mɛkadˈwa paˈrat kaˈtʊl ˈdagat paŋdʊˈha ˈlɪsɔ 265 seed bʊˈtɔ (alsɔ, bɔnɛ) vʊˈkal 266 servant kaˈtʊːlɔŋ trabahaˈdɔr tɪgˈtabaŋ 267 seven pɪˈtɔ pɪˈtʊ pɪˈtɔ 268 shadow ʔaˈnɪːnɔ ʔaˈnɪnʊ aˈnɪnɔ 269 shallow 270 shark 271 ʔaˈlɪːla maˈbaːbaw ʔababˈbaw maˈbaw sharp (knife) mataˈlɪm nataˈram haˈʔɪt 272 shore taˈbɪŋdaːgat dalampaˈsɪːgan 273 short paˈtɪŋ maˈtaːlas paˈtɪŋ paˈtɪŋ bajˈbajɔn bɪtˈtʊt gaˈmaj baˈlɪːkat ʔaˈbaha ʔaˈbaga kapaˈtɪd waˈhɪ ʔɪgˈsʊʔɔn malɪˈʔɪt maʔɪkˈlɪ maʔɪgˈsɪ panˈdak 274 shoulder 275 shrimp 276 sibling (m/f) 277 sibling‟s child (m/f) 278 singe 279 sister-in-law 280 six 281 ˈhɪːpɔn pamaŋˈkɪn ˈpasɔʔ ˈhɪːpag laˈsɪk ˈkanakan lʊˈʃan ˈʔɪpag ˈhɪpɔn pagʔʊmaŋˈkɔn ˈpasɔʔ ˈhɪpag ˈʔaːnɪm ʔʊˈnʊm skin (person) baˈlat ʔanˈnam 282 skull bʊˈŋɔ ˈʔʊlʊ bʊˈŋɔʔ 283 sky hɪmpapaˈwɪd ˈlaŋɪt ˈlaŋɪt tagatraˈbahʊ ʔʊlɪˈpɔn ˈlaːŋɪt gadˈdaŋ ˈpanɪt (also, heaven) ʔaˈlɪːpɪn 284 slave 285 sleepy 286 slow maˈbaːgal nabaˈjag 287 small malɪˈʔɪt bɪtˈtʊt ʔɪˈnaːʔantɔk sɪkkaˈtʊrʊg kaˈtʊlgɔn ˈhɪnaj gaˈmaj BOLLAS 32 288 smoke 289 smooth 290 snake 291 sneeze 292 soft 293 sole 294 some 295 soul 296 sour 297 ˈʔʊːsɔk ʔaˈtʊk maˈkɪːnɪs nakɪˈkɪnɪs baˈhɪŋ gabˈbaŋ ˈʔaːhas zaˈrɪjan ʔaˈsɔ ˈkɪnɪs ˈhalas ʔaˈʧɪŋ malamˈbɔt naŋaˈlʊg ʔɪˈlan daˈpaŋ laˈpalaˈpa pɪˈja maʔɪˈhap ˈkaːlʊlʊwa karalˈwa kalʊlʊˈwa southwest wind haˈbaːgat ˈʔaŋɪn haˈbagat 298 spear sɪˈbat 299 species of bats ˈpaːnɪkɪ 300 spider 301 spittle(saliva) taːlampaːkan maˈʔaːsɪm gagamˈba ˈlaːwaj ˈnasɪn ˈsɪhʊg ˈhʊmɔk ʔasˈlʊm sɪˈbat paˈnɪkɪ panɪˈkɪ ˈlʊlʊ laˈwaj bambaˈlakaj laˈwaʔ dʊˈra 302 squid pʊˈsɪt pʊˈsɪt pʊˈsɪt 303 stairs hagˈdan ʔadˈdan stand up, stature tɪnˈdɪg ˈtadag hagdaˈnan 304 305 star bɪtˈwɪn bɪtˈwan bɪˈtʊʔɔn 306 stick (of wood) patˈpat tʊˈkɔg 307 stomach ʧan ˈkajʊ sɪˈnaj tɪˈjan 308 stone storehouse (food) baˈlaj baˈtɔ 309 kaˈmaːlɪg baˈtʊ 310 straight tʊˈwɪd, matʊˈwɪd dɪrɛˈʧɔ dɛˈrɛʧɔ 311 stretch ˈʔʊːnat ˈʔɪnat 312 strong malaˈkas ʔʊˈnat masɪˈkan kʊˈsʊg 313 suck sɪpˈsɪp sɪpsɪˈpan sɪpˈsɪp 314 sugarcane tʊˈbɔ sun ʔalˈgaw ˈtʊbɔ 315 ˈʔaːraw (alsɔ, daj) ˈtʊbɔ ʔadˈlaw 316 sweet 317 swollen maˈgaʔ nalatˈtag hʊˈbag 318 tail bʊnˈtɔt 319 tall mataŋˈkad ʔattanˈnaŋ 320 tear (from crying) 321 ten samˈpʊʔ maˈfʊlʊ ʤɪs/ pʊlɔ 322 termites 323 testicle baˈjag baˈjag ʔɪtˈlɔg / bajag 324 thank you 325 that (far) naj kadˈtɔ 326 that (near) ˈtaːla baˈtɔ mataˈmɪs ˈlʊːha ˈʔaːnaj saˈlaːmat ʔɪˈjɔn ʔɪˈjan naˈmɪt ˈʔɪfʊt lʊˈwa ˈʔanaj mabˈbalat jan ˈtɪndɔg tamˈʔɪs ʔɪˈkɔg taˈʔas ˈlʊha ˈʔanaj saˈlamat kaˈnaʔ BOLLAS 33 327 there (near) ʤan 328 they sɪˈla 329 thick makaˈpal baˈgaʔ 330 thigh ˈhɪːta nakanˈnag 331 thin manɪˈpɪs nɪˈpɪs 332 thin (human) paˈjat ˈnɛmpɪt 333 third ʔɪkatˈlɔ mɛˈka talˈlʊ ʔɪkatʊˈlɔ 334 thirsty ʔʊˈhaw sɪkkaˈpɛnʊm 335 this ʔɪˈtɔ ˈʔʊhaw 336 thorn tɪˈnɪk (also, paŋatˈlɔ kanˈjan ʔɪˈra ʔʊfˈfʊ nakabˈbal jaw dɪˈraʔ sɪˈla ˈhɪtaʔ paˈjat kaˈnɪ ʔaˈsɪt tʊˈnɔk ʔɪˈkaw ʔɪˈkaw ʔɪˈkaw karaˈlɔŋ tʊtʊnlan fishbone) 337 thou/you tatˈlɔ talˈlʊ 338 three 339 throat lalaˈmʊːnan 340 thunder kʊˈlɔg 341 tight masɪˈkɪp 342 to ask magtaˈnɔŋ 343 to awake 344 to be angry maˈgaːlɪt 345 to bear (child) magbʊnˈtɪs 346 to beat (strike) ˈpaˈlʊːʔɪn mamaˈlʊk palʊk 347 to belch dʊmɪgˈhaj 348 to bite kagaˈtɪn ˈmattalɛgag 349 to blow (wind) ˈʔɪːhɪp 350 to boil (intrans.) kʊmʊˈlɔ 351 to break (as stick) maˈbaːlɪ 352 to breathe hʊmɪˈŋa 353 to bring daˈla 354 to burn (by itself) sʊˈnʊːgɪn 355 to bury ʔɪbaˈʔɔn 356 to bury (the dead) ʔɪlɪˈbɪŋ 357 to buy bɪˈlɪ 358 to call taˈwaːgɪn 359 to carry 360 maːgɪsɪŋ ʔadˈdʊg ʔattazˈzɪt tʊˈlɔ dalʊgˈdɔg gʊˈʔɔt maɲɪˈvʊt maŋʊˈtana lʊkaˈran mʊmaˈta maggazˈzɪt masʊˈkɔ ˈmanak kassɪˈban lazˈzɔban ʔɪtalˈlag kaltʊˈŋan maˈŋaŋat ʔɪvʊˈlʊn maŋaˈnak mʊˈbʊnal tʊgˈʔab paˈʔakɪ hʊˈjɔpɪ pabʊˈkalɪ baˈlɪʔɪ ʔɪgɪnˈhawa mʊdaˈla ˈsɪdʊg ʔɪˈsʊnɔg mɛkɔkˈkɔg ʔɪlʊˈbɔŋ ʔɪkɔkˈkɔg maŋˈgatang ʔɪlʊˈbɔŋ paˈlɪtɪ daˈla ʔakkʊˈlan ʔabbaˈnan taˈwagɪ to choose pɪˈlɪːʔɪn maˈmɪlɪ mʊpɪlɪ / pɪlɪʔɪ 361 to clean lɪˈnɪːsɪn 362 to come dʊmaˈtɪŋ 363 to copulate (human) magˈtaːlɪk ˈbʊːhat mappakaˈrɛnʊ ʔʊˈmaŋ kaŋˈkajʊg daˈlaʔɪ lɪmpjʊhɪ mʊʔaˈbɔt mʊʔɪjɔt BOLLAS 34 364 to cough ʔʊmʊˈbɔ ˈmɛkag 365 to count magbɪˈlaŋ mabˈbɪlaŋ mʊʔɪˈhap 366 to cut pʊˈtʊːlɪn garzɪˈban mʊpʊˈtɔl 367 to dance magsaˈjaw mabbajˈlɛ mʊˈsajaw 368 to defecate dʊmʊˈmɪ mʊːˈbɔ makkaˈwɛt mʊˈtaʔɛ naˈʔɪːsɪn ˈmajat naˈsaʔ mamaˈtaj magbaˈwas tʊˈmaːʔɛ 369 to desire 370 to die paˈtaj maˈtaj 371 to dig hʊˈkaːjɪn kɔkˈkɔg 372 to do gaˈwɪn magˈkalɔt kwan hɪˈmʊʔɔn 373 to drag kaladˈkad 374 to drink ʔɪnʊˈmɪn ʔɪkʊdɛsˈdɛs mɪˈnʊm mʊʔɪˈnɔm 375 to drown lʊˈnʊːrɪn maˈlʊnɔd 376 to eat kaˈʔɪːnɪn malaggabˈban 377 to fall (drop) 378 to fear 379 to fight 380 to find 381 to float 382 to flow ʔʊˈmaːgɔs 383 to fly 384 naˈsaːhɪn kaladkaˈrɪn maˈŋan mʊˈkaʔɔn ˈhʊːlɔg maˈtadag maˈhʊlɔg maˈtaːkɔt matˈtalaw maˈhadlɔk lagˈlag luˈmaːban huˈmaːnap luˈmʊːtaŋ lʊˈmaban taˈfʊlan maˈŋawaj maŋɪˈta mʊlaˈtaŋ mɛˈʔanʊg mʊˈʔagʊs lʊmɪˈpad makˈkajag mʊlʊˈpad to forget lɪˈmʊːtɪn malɪppaˈnan 385 to give bɪˈgaj maŋɪdˈdan 386 to go pʊnˈta 387 to go down baˈbaʔ 388 to go in 389 to go out 390 to go up 391 to hang on, hook ˈpaːsɔk laˈbas ʔakˈjat ˈsaːbɪt makaˈlɪmɔt mʊˈhatag ʔʊˈmaŋ mʊˈʔadtɔ maggʊˈkag mʊˈnaʔɔg mattalˈlʊŋ mʊsʊˈlɔd mallaˈwan makkalanˈtaj mʊgaˈwas mʊˈsaka mabˈbɛsɪn mʊkaˈpʊt magˈgɪna mʊpaˈmɪnaw something 392 to hear kɪˈnɪg 393 to hit taˈmaːʔan 394 to hold (in hand) 395 paˈlʊk mʊˈdapat haˈwaːkan mʊˈgʊnɪt to hunt (game) maˈŋaːsɔ manamˈmɪt 396 to jump (esp. up) tʊmaˈlɔn mʊʔamˈbak 397 to kill pataˈjɪn mappatˈtʊ 398 to know (facts) ʔalaˈmɪn 399 to laugh tʊˈmaːwa magˈgafʊt mamaˈtaj ʔamˈmʊ gaˈlak maŋaˈsɔ mʊpaˈtaj mahɪbaˈlɔ mʊkaˈtawa BOLLAS 35 mʊhɪgˈda maˈbʊːhaj ʔɪdˈda maˈtɔlaj maˈbʊhɪ tʊmɪˈŋɪn sɪˈŋan mʊtaˈnaw to love ʔʊˈmɪːbɪg maˈŋajat mʊhɪgʊgˈma 404 to moan ʔʊˈmʊːŋɔl makaˈsag ʔagʊlɔ 405 to open bʊmʊˈkas 406 to play maglaˈrɔ 407 to pound 408 to pull 409 to push 410 to put 411 to quarrel 412 to rain 413 to return 414 400 to lie (on side) hʊmɪˈgaʔ 401 to live 402 to look 403 tanaˈwɪn mahaˈlɪn ˈvʊkat mʊʔabˈrɪ mʊˈdʊla baˈjɔ pʊkˈpɔk ˈgajam pɔpˈpɔk pʊkˈpɔk ˈhɪːla ˈgʊŋgʊn bɪˈra ˈtʊːlak ˈtʊbaŋ laˈgaj maŋɪkˈwa ʔʊmʊˈlan ˈʔʊran ˈʔaːwaj tʊkˈlɔd bʊˈtaŋ ˈgʊŋʊt ˈʔawaj bumaˈlɪk maŋɪˈtɔlɪ ˈbalɪk to rub kʊsˈkɔs kʊsˈkʊs kʊsˈkɔs 415 to run takˈbɔ palaˈʤaw ˈdaːgan 416 to say 417 to scratch (itch) kabˈbaŋ kaˈtʊl 418 ʔʊˈlan ˈsaːbɪ maŋɪkaˈhɪ to see ˈkɪːta masɪˈta kɪˈtaʔ 419 to sell bɪˈlɪ maɲɪˈlakʊ 420 to sew taˈhɪ daˈhɛt paˈlɪt taˈhɪʔ 421 to shout sɪˈgaw 422 to show paˈkɪta pasɪˈŋan paˈkɪta 423 to shower 424 to sing ˈʔaːwɪt 425 to sink (intrans.) 426 to sit 427 to sleep 428 to smell ʔaˈmɔj 429 to speak salɪˈta ʔɛrˈgɔ sʊlˈtɪ 430 to spit dʊˈra tʊpˈra lʊˈwaʔ 431 to split ˈhaːtɪ gadˈwa tʊˈŋaʔ 432 to squeeze pɪˈga pɪˈgaʔ pɪˈgaʔ 433 to stab (or stick) sakˈsak dʊdˈdʊg sakˈsak 434 to stand 435 to steal 436 to string (as leis) ˈkaːmɔt ʔamˈbɔn kaˈʤaw ʔaˈfafʊk ʔɪˈŋɔn ˈʃagɪt pɪˈsɪk kanˈʃɔn kanˈta lʊˈbɔg malʊˈmag lʊˈnɔd ʔʊˈpɔ mattʊtˈtʊg ˈlɪŋkɔd kanˈta ˈtʊːlɔg makkaˈtʊrʊg ˈdagʊ taˈjɔʔ ˈtadag ˈtʊːhɔg daˈhɛt ˈnaːkaw ˈkɔkɔt ˈtʊlɔg sɪmˈhɔt tɪnˈdɔg ˈkawat ˈtʊhɔg BOLLAS 36 437 to suck sɪpˈsɪp sʊnˈsʊp sʊpˈsʊp 438 to swallow lʊˈnɔk sɪlˈlʊŋ tʊˈlɔn 439 to sweat ˈpaːwɪs lɪˈŋat sɪˈŋɔt 440 to swell latˈtag hʊˈbag 441 to swim 442 to think ˈhʊnaʔˈhʊnaʔ 443 to throw ˈtaːpɔn paˈnɔnɔt maɲɪlapˈpak ˈlabaj 444 to tie ˈtaːlɪ ˈgalʊt bʊgˈkɔs 445 to vomit masʊˈka 446 to walk ˈlaːkad maˈnalan laˈkaw 447 to wash 448 to weave maddaˈhɛt habˈla 449 to wipe 450 to wrap up 451 today 452 toe 453 maˈga laˈŋɔj ˈʔɪːsɪp ˈhaːgɪs tafˈfʊg ˈmɔta ˈlaŋɔj ˈsʊka ˈhʊːgas mabbagˈgʊ ˈpaːhɪd mafˈfʊnat ˈpahɪd vʊkkʊˈtan pʊˈtɔs ŋaˈjɔŋ ˈʔaːraw saˈŋaw ŋa ʔalˈgaw kaˈrʊŋ ʔadˈlaw tomorrow ˈbʊːkas sɔˈnʊ ʔʊmˈma ʔʊgˈmaʔ the following day kɪnabʊˈkaːsan 454 tooth (front) ˈŋɪːpɪn (all tɛɛth) 455 torch, light sʊˈlɔʔ 456 tree ˈpʊːnɔŋˈkaːhɔj 457 trunk (of tree) 458 turtle 459 twins 460 two ˈhaːbɪ ˈpʊːnas baˈlʊtɪn daˈlɪːrɪ sa paˈʔaʔ ˈpʊːnɔʔ kataˈwan paˈgɔŋ kamˈbal dalaˈwa ˈpaːŋɪt ˈtaka ˈɲɪpan ˈhʊgas maˈŋa tʊdˈlɔ ˈŋɪpɔn ʔaˈfɪ sʊˈgaʔ ˈkajʊ pʊnʊˈʔan paˈgɔŋ paˈgɔŋ ˈkajʊ ˈkahɔj kamˈbal kamˈbal dwa dʊˈha ˈpaɲɪt ˈpaŋɪt 461 ugly 462 upper garment ˈbaːrɔ paŋ ˈʔʊtʊm paŋtaˈʔas 463 upside down, tʊˈwad balɪtˈtag tʊˈwad pataˈʔas paˈʔʊtʊn pataˈʔas ˈpasag ˈʔɪhɪʔ stooping with the head forward 464 upward paʔakˈjat ˈʔɪːhɪ 465 urine 466 vagina ˈpɛːkpɛk 467 vegetables ˈgʊːlaj 468 voice ˈtɪːnɪg ˈbɔsɛs 469 war dɪgˈmaːʔan gjɛˈra ˈpʊːkɪ ˈpɛpɛt ˈpɛkpɛk ˈgʊlaj ˈgʊlaj tɪˈŋɔg ˈgjɛra BOLLAS 37 470 warm (weather) maˈʔɪːnɪt maˈpatʊ ˈʔɪnɪt daˈnʊm ˈtʊbɪg maalɪnˈsaːŋan warm and humid 471 water 472 water buffalo 473 wave (as surf) st 474 we (1 person, pl.) 475 we (dual, pl.) 476 weak 477 wet 478 ˈtʊːbɪg kalaˈbaw nʊˈwaŋ ˈʔaːlɔn ʔaraˈpaŋ ˈtaːjɔ ʔɪtˈta kaˈmɪ maˈhɪːna ʔɪkaˈmɪ naˈkafɪ baˈsaʔ what ʔaˈnɔ nabaˈsaʔ 479 wheel gʊˈlɔŋ 480 when ˈkɛːlan ˈpɪlɪg 481 where 482 white pʊˈtɪ 483 who ˈsɪːnɔ 484 why 485 wide 486 wife 487 wind (breeze) 488 wine 489 saˈan ˈnaːsan ˈbaːkɪt maˈlaːwak ʔaˈsaːwa majˈbaːhaj ˈhaːŋɪn karaˈbaw baˈlɔd kaˈmɪ kɪˈta ˈhɪnaj baˈsaʔ hanˈna ʔʊnˈsa sɔˈnʊ hanˈna kanʊsˈʔa ʤan na ˈʔaha ˈfʊraw pʊˈtɪʔ ˈlɪgɪd ʔɪnˈja kɪnˈsa ʔaˈlawa daˈkɔʔ / lʊˈʔag ˈʔaŋɪn ˈhaŋɪn kaˈʔam ʔaˈtawa ˈŋanɔ ʔaˈsawa ˈʔaːlak maʔɪˈnʊm wing pakˈpak paˈjak pakˈpak 490 wink kɪnˈdat kɪnˈdat kɪnˈdat 491 woman (female) baˈbaːʔɛ baˈbaj baˈbaʔɛ 492 woods (forest) ˈgʊːbat kagʊˈbaːtan kakajˈwan ˈbɪnɔ kalasaˈŋan kakahʊˈjan 493 woody tendril- ˈgʊːgɔ baˈgɔn bearing vine 494 worm ˈʔʊːʔɔd bʊˈlaːtɛ ˈʔʊlag ˈʔʊlɔd 495 wrong maˈlɪʔ maˈlɪʔ maˈlɪ 496 yawn hɪˈkab 497 ye kaˈjɔ 498 year 499 yesterday 500 welcome taˈʔɔn kaˈhaːpɔn waˈlaŋ ʔanʊˈman maŋaˈwawag maˈŋʊjʔab ˈdahʊn ˈtʊʔɪg ʔɪkaˈjʊ katˈtʊ ˈkabɪ ʔaˈwan naj kaˈmɔ gahaˈpɔn waj ˈkasɔ BOLLAS 38 Appendix 2 - Informant‟s profile For Cebuano: Name: Neil Mark Enriquez Provincial Address: Iligan City, Lanao del Norte Age: 23 years old Contact number: 09273149930 Name: Erl Anthony Mendiola Provincial Address: O2-D Bañadero, Ozamis City, Purok 1, Misamis Occidental Age: 23 years old Contact number: 09071086524 For Itawis: Name: Jane Frances Taguinod Provincial Address: Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Age: 18 years old Contact number: 09261701732 BOLLAS 39